Psychology Ch.4 Vocab
Terms
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- A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.
- cricadian rhythm
- A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.
- suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.
- melatonin
- A instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.
- electroencephalogram
- The graphic record of brain activity produced by and electroencephalograph.
- EEG (electroencephalogram)
- Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed.
-
REM sleep
also called
active sleep or paradoxical sleep - Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages.
-
NREM sleep
also called
quiet sleep - Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness.
- beta brain waves
- Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.
- alpha brain waves
- Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.
- hypnagogic hallucinations
- Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
- sleep spindles
- Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
- K complex
- A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
- sleep paralysis
- A pehnomenon in which a person who is deprved of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.
- REM rebound
- The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.
- restorative theory of sleep
- The view that uniue sleep patterns of different aniimals evolve over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation.
-
adaptive theory of sleep
also called
evolutionary theory of sleep - Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.
- sleep disorders
- A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
- insomnia
- A condition in which unpleasant sensations in the lower legs are accompanied by an irrisistible urge to move the lega, temporarily relieving the unpleasant sensation but disrupting sleep.
- restless legs syndrome (RLS)
- A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
- sleep apnea
- A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep.
-
sleepwalking
also called
somnambulism - A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, firghtening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep
-
night terrors
or
sleep terrors - A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activaltion during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep bruxism, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behvior disorder.
- parasomnias
- A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.
- REM sleep behavior disorder
- A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
- narcolepsy
- A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
- cataplexy
- Repetitive, bland, uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep.
- sleep thinking
- A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep.
- dream
- A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.
- nightmare
- In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
- manifest content
- In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.
- latent content
- The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).
- activation-synthesis model of dreaming