NCIDQ ch 3 & 4
Chapter 3 & 4 from Ballast's NCIDQ Book
Terms
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- Grouping
- Humans perceive separate units in the visual field as a group. There are several means by which this can occur, including proximity, similarity, direction and context.
- Closure
- is the tendency to perceive incomplete forms as complete.
- Environmental Design Research
- Focuses on theories of the interaction between humans and their environment.
- Interposition
- The overlap of a distant object with a closer object.
- Open (Plan Arrangement)
- No space defining partitions. The only objects are furniture and accessories.
- Circulation patterns
- Developing a direct, efficient circulation plan is critical to successfully completing the design practicum portion of the NCIDQ exam. One of the most common mistakes in space planning is to let adjacency requirements dictate the arranging of rooms and spaces in the preliminary planning and then to connect rooms with a circulation path as an afterthought.
- Texture Perspective
- The density of a texture seems to increase as the distance from the viewer increases.
- Doughnut Configuration
- This is a very efficient because it provides a double-loaded corridor and automatically makes a continuous exitway so two exits are always available if required by building codes. Exits and entryways can be located anywhere along the path.
- Figure Ground
- describes the way people distinguish a form from its surroundings. It is fundamental to all perception and can occur with two-dimensional elements as well as three-dimensional objects.
- Gestalt Psychology
- Holds that humans innately perceive things as a whole so that what is perceived is complete and comprehensible. Perception is not a response to individual bits of stimulus, but to the whole and that people actively add structure to what they see rather than just reacting to it.
- Linear (Plan Arrangement)
- A linear concept arranges spaces in row, either connected to each other directly or related to a linear element, such as a corridor. In it's simplest form, the linear concept runs in a straight line. Variation include bending the line in an L- or U- shape, forming a circle or other enclosed shape, placing significant spaces at the termination of the line, or using the line to divide two different types of spaces.
- Atmospheric Perspective
- because there are small particles in the air, more distant objects appear to be hazy and may even change colors.
- Determining and Representing Spaces and Relationships
- Adjacency Matrix Folded Matrix Bubble Diagram Stacking Diagram
- Details
- Details serve 3 purposes ... - Basic - A way of fitting the larger concepts together. - To solve functional problems. - Enhance the design intent of a space.
- Axial (Plan Arrangement)
- An axial concept aligns spaces on a significant feature or features. The significant feature may be an entry to the spaces, a view or an important architectural element. An Axial concept combines some elements of a centralized concept and a linear concept.
- Design Theory
- Theory is the most fundamental beginning of design. Design Theory is a way to direct design based on a system of beliefs or philosophy. It is important to understand that theory is not style. Theory can be based on the designer's personal world view, historic precedent, environmental design research, functional needs, how humans perceive their environment, a particular process of design or any number of things.
- Dumbbell Layout
- Spaces laid out along a straight path that connects 2 major elements at the ends - usually the entrance to the space or group of rooms at one end and an exit or other access point at the other.
- Daylight Factor
- Expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance.
- Light Shelf
- horizontal surface places above eye level that reflects direct daylight onto the ceiling while shading the lower portions of the window and interior of the room.
- Social and Cultural Influences
- Political Conditions Economic Conditions Cultural Attitude Symbolism Regionalism
- Space Relationships
- Adjacent Spaces - Most common type of Interior Relationship, the separation may range froma solid wall to a mere suggestion of separation. Overlapping Spaces - A thrust stage is an example of an overlapping space. Spaces sharing a common space - A house with rooms built around a courtyard. A Space within another space - A totally enclosed conference room within an open concept office.
- Relative closeness of objects to the horizon lines
- For objects below the horizon line (on the ground), the closer objects are to the horizon line, the farther away they are. For objects below the horizon line, the same holds true, but more distant objects are lower in the visual field than close objects.
- Continuity
- is the tendency to see a line or shape as continuing in a particular direction rather than making a sharp turn.
- Functional Needs
- Functionalism places emphasis on providing simple, rational solutions to design problems without extraneous decoration.
- Organization Concepts
- Linear Organization Axial Organization Grid Systems Central Organization
- Design Consideration
- Maintaining Adjacencies Public vs. Private Enclosed vs. Open Daylighting, Views and Artificial Lighting (Maximize daylighting) *Make the best use of a building's fenestration.
- Radial Layout
- Oriented on one major space with paths extending from this central space. This configuration is generally used when there is a major space that serves as the focal point for secondary spaces, such as with a hotel lobby.
- Clustered (Plan Arrangement)
- Organizes spaces based on proximity to each other. The spaces are usually similar in function, size or shape and are connected with other clusters by a central space, by a corridor, or about an axis, or may be free standing within a larger open space.
- Size Cues
- When 2 objects are the same size, the more distant one will make a smaller image on the retina than the closer one.
- Existing Conditions
- Base plan - A floor plan drawing of the existing space within which the new design will be placed. Relationship to surrounding areas - Location of exits, main entrance, lobby, etc. Size of existing space Views Special features Structural consideration - Location of columns and/or load bearing walls. Plumbing
- Historic Precedent
- Basing current design on styles of the past.
- Components of Interior Design
- Walls Ceilings Floors Steps Doors Glazing
- Lighting Constancy
- People perceive the lightness or darkness of an object the same regardless of the ilumination of the space in which the object is viewed.
- Components of a Design Concept
- Components of a Design Concept Plan arrangement Space Relationships Components of Interior Design Details Lighting and color Materials Furniture Accessories
- Simplicity
- as a part of Gestalt Psychology states that people prefer the simplest, most stable organization of forms or overall structure of elements in the visual field rather than complex individual parts.
- Theories of Perception
- Gestalt Psychology Perceptual Constancy Depth Perception Social and Cultural Influences
- Space planning
- deals with the design of the arrangement of spaces and objects, not with the particulars of materials, finishes, colors, or accessories.
- Linear Perspective
- The common experience of parallel lines appearing to recede toward a point in the distance.
- Color Constanct
- People perceive the color of an object as the same regardless of the lighting conditions under which the object is viewed.
- Perceptual Constancy
- People seldom view objects or spaces statically. The observer moves closer or farther away, the angle of view changes, lighting changes or other factors change.
- Shape Constancy
- People perceive objects to have their original shape regardless of a change in orientation of the object or the point of view of the observer.
- Depth Perception
- Humans View depth through a variety of means. Because the eyes are separated by a slight distance, the left eye and the right eye see slightly different views of the world. The difference is called binocular disparity and gives people the ability to perceive distance and see three dimensions.
- Centralized (Plan Arrangement)
- Uses a single, dominate space with secondary spaces grouped around it.
- Size Constancy
- People tend to perceive an object as having the same size regardless of the changes in viewing distance to the object.
- Grid (Plan Arrangement)
- A grid concept arranges spaces on a predefined, regular pattern or points or intersecting parallel lines. The pattern may be strictly regular, as with a grid of squares, or less regular, as with a grid of rectangles or a grid in which the spacing of the lines varies in a repeated pattern.