2nd column G5, G11 - G14
Terms
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- Projection
- Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (p. 602)
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule
- In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforcs a response only after specified number of responses. (p. 328)
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function. (p. 66)
- Feel-good, Do Good Phenomenon
- People's tendency to be helpful whe already in a good mood. (p. 538)
- Framing
- The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. (p. 407)
- Fixed-Interval Schedule
- In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. (p. 329)
- Family Therapy
- Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. (p. 699)
- False Consensus Effect
- the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. (p. 31)
- Flow
- A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. (p. 500)
- Fetus
- The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. (p. 136)
- Psychosexual Stages
- The childhood stagesof development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (p. 600)
- Prosocial Behavior
- Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. (p. 340)
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severecases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. (p. 136)
- Projective Test
- A personality test, such as the Rorchach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli and designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (p. 604)
- Problem-Focused Coping
- Attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (p.561)
- Psychoactive Drug
- A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. (p. 292)
- Psychophysiological Illness
- Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and soe headaches. (Note: This is distinc from hypochondriasis - misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (p. 557)
- Psychiatry
- A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. (p. 10)
- Psychopharmacology
- The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. (p. 715)
- Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
- The tendenc for people who have first agreed toa small request to comply later with a larger request. (p. 729)
- Farsightedness
- A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near object is focused behind the retina. (p. 203)
- Punishment
- An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. (p. 329)
- Psychoanalysis
- Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that atributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (pp. 599, 688)
- Psychological Dependence
- A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. (p. 293)
- Formal Operational Stage
- In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. (p. 148)
- Puberty
- The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. (p. 161)
- Fixation
- The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. (p. 601)
- Fovea
- The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. (p. 204)
- Fluid Intelligence
- One's ability to to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. (p. 180)
- Flashbulb Memory
- A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (p. 347)
- Psychosurgery
- Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. (p. 721)
- Pupil
- The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (p. 202)
- Fixation (Freudian)
- Accourding to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved. (p. 400)
- Psychotherapy
- An emotionally charged, confiding iteraction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. (pp. 688, 702)
- Fraternal Twins
- Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (p, 93)
- Psychological Disorder
- Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. (p. 642)
- Figure-Ground
- The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). (p. 238)
- Random Assignment
- Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by hance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (p. 39)
- Feature Detectors
- nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement. (p. 206)
- Psychology
- The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (p. 2)
- Prototype
- A mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 396)
- Psychophysics
- The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (p. 193)