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2nd column G5, G11 - G14

Terms

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Projection
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (p. 602)
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforcs a response only after specified number of responses. (p. 328)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function. (p. 66)
Feel-good, Do Good Phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful whe already in a good mood. (p. 538)
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. (p. 407)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. (p. 329)
Family Therapy
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. (p. 699)
False Consensus Effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. (p. 31)
Flow
A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. (p. 500)
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. (p. 136)
Psychosexual Stages
The childhood stagesof development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (p. 600)
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. (p. 340)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severecases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. (p. 136)
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorchach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli and designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. (p. 604)
Problem-Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (p.561)
Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. (p. 292)
Psychophysiological Illness
Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and soe headaches. (Note: This is distinc from hypochondriasis - misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (p. 557)
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. (p. 10)
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. (p. 715)
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendenc for people who have first agreed toa small request to comply later with a larger request. (p. 729)
Farsightedness
A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near object is focused behind the retina. (p. 203)
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. (p. 329)
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that atributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (pp. 599, 688)
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. (p. 293)
Formal Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. (p. 148)
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. (p. 161)
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. (p. 601)
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. (p. 204)
Fluid Intelligence
One's ability to to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. (p. 180)
Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (p. 347)
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. (p. 721)
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (p. 202)
Fixation (Freudian)
Accourding to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved. (p. 400)
Psychotherapy
An emotionally charged, confiding iteraction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. (pp. 688, 702)
Fraternal Twins
Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (p, 93)
Psychological Disorder
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. (p. 642)
Figure-Ground
The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). (p. 238)
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by hance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (p. 39)
Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement. (p. 206)
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (p. 2)
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). (p. 396)
Psychophysics
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (p. 193)

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