MPCS8thScienceCh5
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- What may occur at the rate fossil fuels are being used?
- run out
- What is smelting?
- a method of refining - a chemical process that removes unwanted elements from the metal that is being processed
- What are two hydrocarbons?
- oil, natural gas
- What is the name of a thick, black liquid formed fromt he buried remains of microscopic marine organisms?
- oil
- What is the name of fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas that form from the remains of plants and other organisms buried for over millions of years?
- fossil fuels
- Why is garbage a good source of energy?
- could lessen human dependence on fossil fuels - it is also a cheap source of energy and reduces the amount of material that must be dumped in landfills
- Where is more carbon contained than in all current fossil fuel deposits combined?
- methane hydrates
- What can act as passive solar collectors?
- south-facing windows on buildings - warming exposed rooms
- How is energy produced from garbage?
- when garbage is burned, heat is produced which turns water to steam. This steam turns turbines that run generators to produce electricity
- What layer of coal forms when bituminious coal is heated and squeezed during metamorphisis?
- anthracite
- How are oil and natural gas removed?
- pumping them out of the ground
- What is table salt produced from?
- halite
- What occurs during nuclear fission?
- energy is given off when a heavy atom splits into lighter atoms
- What are found as stable molecules hundreds of meters below the sea level in ocean floor sediment?
- methane hydrates
- Which type of coal is compact, black, and brittle?
- bituminous
- What happens during refining?
- a pure or nearly pure substance is produced from the ore
- How is water used to generate energy?
- when it is released, its force turns turbines at the base of the dam and the turbines then turn generators that make electricity
- How is concrete formed?
- aggregates are mixed with cement
- What are ores?
- deposits of minerals in large enough amounts that they can be mined at a profit
- What is used to actively collect energy from the sun and transform it into electricity?
- solar cells
- What are the types of underground coal mines?
- drift mines and slope mines
- What is done to the rock to allow oil and gas to flow into the well?
- fractured
- What types of substances known as methane hydrates could provide huge reserves of methane?
- icelike
- What type of mining is done in an angled opening and air shaft made in the side of a mountain to remove the coal?
- slope mining
- How long will some waste remain radioactive?
- thousands of years
- What are the stages of coal formation
- dead plant material, lignite coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal
- What is one problem associated with garbage as an energy source?
- the production of toxic ash and air pollution
- What is a wind farm?
- when large numbers of windmills are placed in one area for the purpose of generating electricity
- Where are vast quanities of oil and natural gas used for daily energy requirements?
- U.S.
- What may be used as a paving stone or as part of a concrete mixture?
- limestone
- How long does it take fossil fuels to form?
- millions of years
- What is used today more widely than any other type of biomass fuel?
- firewood - much of the world still cooks with wood
- Are there any environmental problems that result from energy from water?
- yes, when dams are built, upstream lakes fill with sediment and downstream erosion increases - land above the dam can be flooded damaging wildlife habitats
- What is the term for the amount of fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit using current technology?
- reserve
- What are mineral resources?
- deposits of useful minerals
- When is a mineral deposit considered an ore?
- when the mineral is in demand and can be fairly easily separated from the material in which it is found
- True or False - Nuclear energy is a fossil fuel?
- false
- How do methane hydrates form?
- low temperatures and high pressures
- What may someday provide energy for the home?
- fusion
- What are fuels that are extracted from solid organic material called?
- synthetic fuels
- What is significant about corundum and garnet?
- both are hard and able to scratch most other materials they come into contact with
- What is the soft, brown material that has much less moisture in it than peat?
- lignite
- What are some problems associated with using wood as a biomass fuel?
- gases and small particles are released - these can pollute the air - also trees that are cut down cause destroyed habitats
- How many stages are there of coal formation?
- 4
- What are some examples of nature's use of solar energy?
- global winds and ocean currents
- How is ore refined?
- by extracting a useful substance from an ore through concentrating and refining
- What type of marine organisms die and fall to the seafloor where sediment is deposited on top of them?
- plankton
- What is gasohol?
- a mixture of gasoline and ethanol
- What does dead plant material eventually form?
- peat
- How can wind be used as a source of energy?
- windmills can generate electricity
- What is used indirectly when the wind and some types of moving water are used to do work?
- solar energy
- Which type of coal is the cleanest burning?
- anthracite
- What is geothermal energy?
- energy obtained from using hot magma or hot dry rocks inside the earth
- What can trap oil and natural gas below it?
- folded shale layer
- What is the ability to cause change?
- energy
- What are obtained from industrial minerals?
- many useful chemicals - fertilizers and table salt
- What are extracted from coal to form liquid and gaseous fuels?
- hydrocarbons
- What types of layers of rock are oil and natural gas found in?
- tilted or folded
- What type of energy is an alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions?
- nuclear
- What type of energy comes from the sun?
- solar
- What is nuclear energy?
- an alternative energy source produced from atomic reactions
- What are resources that are being used faster than natural Earth processes can replace them?
- nonrenewable energy resources
- When is the drilling stopped?
- when the drill bit reaches the rock layer containing oil
- What types of professionals are involved with drilling wells for oil and gas?
- geologists and engineers
- What forms under similar conditions as oil, but forms in a gaseous state?
- natural gas
- What are some ways to conserve fossil fuels?
- turn off lights and appliances, make sure doors and windows are shut tightly during cold weather, run air-conditioning as little as possible
- What is hydroelectricity?
- electricity produced by waterpower
- How do we get energy from the Earth?
- steam is used to turn turbines that run generators to make electricity
- What type of mining involves the removal of coal that is not close to the Earth's surface through a horizontal opening in the side of a hill or mountain?
- drift mining
- What layer forms as lignite becomes buried by more sediment and receives more heat and pressure?
- bituminous
- What is an example of a rock that is composed of at least 50 % plant remains?
- coal
- How do geothermal power plants work?
- steam from the reservoirs produces electricity
- What is an example of a renewable energy source?
- trees or biomass materials
- Why is ethanol not used more often?
- growing the corn and distilling the ethanol often uses more energy from burning fossil fuels than the amount of energy that is derived from the burning of ethanol
- What is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world?
- coal
- What is aggregate?
- a building material composed of crushed stone or a mixture of gravel and sand
- What eventually causes dead plankton to change to oil and gas?
- increased heat
- Why is wind only a limited source of energy?
- few regions have strong enough winds to generate electricity and sometimes the wind blows too hard - other times it is too weak or stops entirely
- What have recent studies shown might be located beneath the seafloor?
- methane
- What are renewable energy resources?
- resources that can be replaced in nature or by humans within a relatively short period of time
- What are nonmetallic mineral resources?
- any mineral resource not used as a fuel
- What forms over million of years from the remains of tiny marine organisms in ocean sediment?
- petroleum
- How long must nuclear waste be stored safely before reentering the environment?
- 10,000 years
- What are abrasives made from?
- deposits of corundum and garnet
- What are the groups of nonmetallic mineral resources?
- industrial minerals and building materials
- What is an example of a heavy atom?
- uranium
- How are fossil fuels formed?
- from the alteration of the remains of living organisms over long periods of time
- What is one way to recycle when building?
- using old materials to make new ones
- What is produced at power plants that consists of highly radioactive elements formed by the fission process?
- nuclear waste
- How are industrial minerals and building materials alike?
- both are nonmetallic mineral resources - used for their physical properties or to obtain chemicals
- What is the rock layer beneath shale where petroleum and natural gas accumulate called?
- reservoir rock
- What are some ways to remove coal?
- strip mining and underground mining
- How is alcohol used as an energy source?
- during distillation of corn, the biomass product of ethanol is produced and ethanol can be mixed with another fuel
- What happens when the nucleus of a heavy element is split?
- lighter elements form and energy is released
- What is a benefit of fluid biomass fuels?
- more efficient and have more uses
- What is considered to be a nonrenewable energy resource because it uses uranium-235 as fuel?
- nuclear energy
- What are some rocks that are used as building materials?
- granite, limestone, or sandstone
- What is biomass energy?
- energy derived from burning organic material such as wood, alcohol, and garbage
- What are some disadvantages of solar energy?
- solar cells work less efficiently on cloudy days, don't work at all at night, and though batteries can be used to store energy for those times - it is difficult to store large amounts of energy that way
- What are some benefits of energy produced by wind?
- it is free and nonpolluting - produces no waste nor does it harm the environment in any way
- What must an area have to use wind as an energy source?
- persistent wind that blows at an appropriate speed
- What is built to generate electricity from running water?
- a large concrete dam to retain the water
- Why are oil and natural gas forced upward?
- less dense than water
- What is another name for strip mining?
- open-pit mining