psychology exam III
Terms
undefined, object
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- we are capable of perceiving only _____
- partially of what is actually available
- most common visual disorders are due to ___ and ___
- cornea , lens
- light shines through onto the ___
- retina
- what is a blind spot
- its the range in which you cant see past your periphial vision
- what are the 3 kinds of cones
- blue green and red. this is the beginning of color perception
- the cones are located on the___
- fovea
- many __ feed into the ___ cell
- rods, ganglionic
- almost all sensory goes through the ___ before projected to the ___
- thalamus, cortex
- rods are useful in __ vision
- night
- name 5 of Gestalt's principles
- proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, simplicity
- chunks of a cat would be considered what kind of principle
- closure
- 6 vertical lines that form 3 columns would be considered what principle
- proximity
- with a diagram of 3 triangles, 3 circles, 3 triangles we get what principle
- similarity
- a wave going through a straight line is what principle
- continuity
- 2 circles of dots intersecting is what principle
- simplicity
- what is critical for form perception
- experience
- what two men were associated with feature detection- orientation and spatial frequency?
- hubel and wiesel
- sensory input is the beginning of
- cognitive processing
- in the human eye, the focusing process is accomplished by the ___ and ___
- cornea and lens
- light first passes through the ___ and the pupil before traveling through the ___
- cornea, lens
- light completes its journey when it reaches a thin layer of tissue called the __
- retina
- these are sensitive at low levels of illumination
- rods
- these are concentrated in the periphery of the retina
- rods
- these are not sensitive to visual detail
- rods
- these are concentrated in the center of the retina, the fovea
- cones
- these are not very sensitive at low levels of illumination
- cones
- these have a high level of sensitivity to detail, high visual acuity
- cones
- there are about 120 million ___ and 6 million __
- rods cones
- dim images can sometimes be seen better out of __
- the corner of your eyes
- once the neural impulse is generated by a rod or cone, its passed along to other cells, particularly ____which feed info from the receptors to the ___
- bipolar cells, ganglion cells
-
the visual signals eventually leave the retina to deeper processing stations, through a collection of nerve fibers called the
__ - optic nerve
- because of its size, at the point where the optic nerve leaves each retina there is no room for visual receptors, this creates __
- blind spot
- after leaving the retina, the neural impulses flow along each optic nerve until they reach the __
- optic chiasm ( where info travels to the separeate hemispheres of the brain)
- each ganglion cell has a ____, which means it recieves input from a group of receptor cells and responds only when a particular pattern of light shines across the retina
- receptive field
- in vision, this is the portion of the retina that when stimulated, causes teh activity of higher order neurons to change
- receptive field
- what law says if the elements of a display are close to each other, that is they lie in close spatial proximity- they tend to be grouped together as part of the same object
- proximity
- processing that is controlled by the physical message delivered to the senses
- bottom up processing
- processing that is controlled by ones beliefs and expectations about how the world is organized
- top down processing
- items that share physical properties-that physically resemble each other are palced into the same set
- similarity
- even if a figure has a gap or a small amount of its border is missing, people still tend to percieve the object as a whole
- closure
- if lines cross or are interrupted people tend to still see flowing lines
- continuation
- if things appear to be moving in the same direction people tend to group them together
- common fate
- what is precognition
- knowing something will happen before it happens
- what is telepathy
- communicating through mind
- what is clairvoyance
-
object to person
example: knowing how a coin flipped without seeing it - what is psychokinesis
- moving objects with mind
- who is Rhine
- serious scientist in this line of work (extrasensory psych) , but a student falsified data in his lab so no one took him seriously
- what was a popular area of study 120 years ago
- extrasensory psychology
- extrasensory psychology is often confused with what
-
spiritualism -
(houdini) - thousands of trials are run so there is a ___ effect
- statistical
- hollywood portrays clairvoyance as perfectly psychic but in psychic literature there are always ____
- hits and misses
- who is more likely to be psychic
- earlier born, children more than adults, women more than men, and it runs in families
- what is a big concern about the researchers of extrasense. psych.
- they are biased. people want to prove something and beleive these phenomena are real
- when people make guesses, they remember the hits more than the misses so __ is merely chance
- precognition
- when trying to convey ___ actors will describe the 5 main human problems to appeal to large audiences
- telepathy
- the bottom line is that there are many ___ to ESP and that there are no known ___ or ____(operational definition)
- alternative explanations, measurements
- what is an explanation of helen kellers clairvoyance
- if blindfolded u can tell the different colors of things by heat
- how did gellar fool people with his clairvoyant drawings
- there was a reciever in his tooth. also an assistant by the machine
- dowsing for water. how so?
- scientific explanations with electromagnetic cues
- what did the amazing james randi do?
- he hosted britains best and offered large money for psychological phenomena. no one could do it
- what is CSICOP?
- committee for the scientific investigation of claims of the paranormal
- what is cold reading and who is a philosopher of it
- Cold reading refers to a set of techniques used by professional manipulators to get a subject to behave in a certain way or to think that the cold reader has some sort of special ability that allows him to "mysteriously" know things about the subject. (shermer) telepathy
- king of illusionism?
- houdini
- definition for what consciousness is:
- subject awareness, attention, thinking
- what consciousness is not:
- automaticity (driving), role in simple judgements, learning, or envrionmental scanning (cocktail party)
- what is the generalized model of attention:
-
stage 1- automatic processing or pre-attentive
stage 2- controlled processing or attentive - what is EEG
- Electroencephalography, the neurophysiologic measurement of the electrical activity of the brain
- the ___ is paying attention to things in the environment that your attention is not. there is lots of potential stimulation
- limbic system
- at birth what percent of the time of sleep is REM
- 1/3
- your deepest sleep occurs when
- first 2 hours
- night terrors occur in what stage of sleep
- 4th
- examples of sleep deprivation effects
- viscious animals. stresses put on body break down immune system.
- short term sleep deprivation results in loss of __ and ___ performance
- cognitive , motor
- dreams occur during
- REM
- daily shift in sleep cycle driven by __
- endogenous things.... light
- sleep involves systematic changes in ___
- EEG
- spinde is an increase then decrease in __ and __ generated by the ___
- amplitude, frequency, limbic system
- sleep cycle. what is slow wave
- decreased cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and Gh release
- psychodynamic models. emphasis on __ to __. introspection is in the
- unconscious to conscious. past
- cognitive models. emphasis on __. introspection in the __
- conscious. present
- the american psychologist ___ ___ was convinced that consciousness flows
- william james
- the internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
- attention
- the ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others. also refers to the tendency to notice when your name suddenly appears in a message that youve been actively ignoring
- cocktai party effect
- fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention
- automaticity
- biological activities that rise and fall in accordance with a 24-hr cycle
- circadian rythms
- when a subject is awake the EEG pattern is __ and ___. and the waves have ___ amplitude
- fast, irregular, low
- ___, ___ amplitude waves of ___ frequency reflect neural synchrony
- regular, high, low
- the first official sign of sleep, stage 1, is marked by waves of __ amplitude and slightly more __
- low, irregular
- in stage __ the sleep activity is interrupted by short bursts of activity called ___
- 2, sleep spindles
- slow wave sleep is what stages
- 3 &4
- sleep functions to ___ or __ the body and brain
- restore repair
- freud beleived that dreaming was a psychological mechanism for __ ___, a way to satisfy forbidden wishes and desires
- wish fullfillment
- repeated cycles of brain activity each about __ minutes occur during sleep
- 90
- rem occurs __ to __ minutes into sleep cycle
- 70, 90
- most cognitive developmentalists focus on ___
- children
- what are two different ways of viewing a child
- some see them as small adults rather than developmentally challenged. some say they have innate patterns rather than blank slates.
- two methods of study of cognitive development:
- longitudinal- follow certain individual over time (less variation). cross-sectional- look at 3 diff ages at once- (less time)
- importance of early experience:
-
sensitive and criticcal periods. ex. need of light.
but doesnt preclude lifetime development - paiget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to 2 years. schemata revolve around sensory and motor abilities.
- sensorimotor period
- chomsky and LAD say that talking will occur in this sequence of sensorimotor:
- coo--babble--word--two word utterances
- the ability to recognize that objects still exist when they're no longer in sight
- object permanence (recognition of parents, fear of strangers)
- this stage involves reflexes such as rooting and suckling, object exploration & permanence, and contingincies
- sensorimotor
- paiget's second stage of cognitive development lasting from age 2-7, children begin to think symbolically, and often lack the ability to perform mental operations such as conservation
- preoperational period
- this stage involves egocentrism, animism, dreams/reality, use of symbols, transductive logic, and two word phrases
- preoperational
- the ability to recognize that the physical properties of an object remain the saim despite changes in object appearance
- law of conservation (ex. size glasses of milk)
- the tendency to see the world from ones own unique perspective only; a characteristic of thinking in preoperational period
- egocentrism
- paiget's 3rd stage, age 7-11. children aquire the capacity to perform a number of mental operations but still lack the ability for abstract reasoning
- concrete operational period
- this stage includes reality from nonreality, conducts mental operations without observables, law of conservation, reversibility, language: passive = active
- concrete operational period
- paigets last stage, thought processes become adult like, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking.
- formal operational period
- this is the concept that one kind of operation can produce change and that another kind of operation can undo that change
- reversibility
- a change in some neurocognitive mechanism,, quantitative (small)
- assimilation
- qualitative steps in childs understanding (large)
- accomidation
- innatimate objects come to life
- animism
- guesses of mechanism in the childs viewing of the world
- schemata
- criticisms of paiget
- stage vs gradual, he used his own children, underestimated abilities, importance of social environment, interpretation and nature of language
- private speech and egocentrism reinterpretated by ___
- vygotsky
- this was charles darwins cousin. obesessed with individual variation. he tested intelligence by response time
- galton
- this man believed in helping children in classrooms. saw children as unique individuals
- binet
- this man said intelligence is the cognitive ability to pick up info quickly. he came up with the predictor of academic experience (g-factor)
- spearman
- this person said theres 2 factors to intelligence. fluid (processing) and crystallized (memory/content)
- catell
- this man says that intelligence isnt just education. he came up with 7-8 categories
- gardner
- what are gardners catergories
- logical/mathematical, linguistic, spatial, body, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
- binet/simon tested what
- logical/mathematical, linguistic, spatial
- who came up with the IQ notion
- terman
- WISC- 4 aspects
- verbal, nonverbal, reliability, validity
- what are the two arguments about what affects intelligence
- genome vs. nurturance
- 3 determinants of testing performance
- sensory/perception, cognition, motivation
- short term determinants of test performance
- rapport with tester, emotional status, nutrition, attention
- who conducted twin studies to see if genes affect intelligence
- burt
- the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. thought to be relatively uninfluenced by experience
- fluid intelligence
- the knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience
- crystallized intelligence
- a measure of the consistency of test results, these produce similar scores from one administration to the next
- reliability
- an assessment of how well a test measures what its supposed to measure
- validity
- mental age, divided by chronical age and then multiplied by 100
- intelligence quotient
- a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors
- heritability
- ____suggested that the people least competent to survive in the world were the ones reproducing the fastest,
- shockley
- in ______ estimation, over 70% of the within race IQ variability was due to genetic factors, and the 30% left over was due to non-shared environmental influences
- jensens
- what are some environmental effects of racial differences in performace
- economic factors, toxic elements, educational experience, cultural biases, self-perceptions
- who wrote about the stereotype threat of intelligence
- steele
- who is the father of behaviorism
- watson
- stimus response theoryists believe in this kind of learning
- operant
- the decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
- habituation
- increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an event that has been repeated
- sensitization
- a set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events.
- classical conditioning
- a stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any trainging
- unconditioned stimulus
- the observable response that is produced automatically prior to training on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- the acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus
- conditioned response
- the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning
- conditioned stimulus
- who developed classical conditioning?
- pavlov
- presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly after conditioning without the unconditioned stimulus resulting in a loss in responding
- extinction
- the recovery of an extinquished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
- spontaneous recovery
- conditioned responding becomes stronger with repeated CS-US pairings
- acquisition
- what is the law of effect
- if a response is followed by a reinforcer you will increase that behavior
- what is the law of temporal contiguity
- there must be immediacy with reinforcement
- a procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions
- operant conditioning
- response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way
- reinforcement
- reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occured
- partial reinforcement
- consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
- punishment
- an exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less
- sensory memory
- this category of memory includes episodic and semantic
- explicit (declarative conscious
- a limited capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
- short term memory
- a short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
- chunking
- this category of memory includes procedural, classical, and priming
- implicit (nondeclarative conscious)
- the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time
- long term memory
- a memory for a particular event or episode that happened to you personally such as remembering what u ate for breakfast this morning or where u went on vacation last year
- episodic memory
- knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experience
- semantic memory
- knowledge about how to do things such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club
- procedural memory
- an encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory
- elaboration
- who was involved with memory reconstruction?
- loftus
- what is tempo of rehearsals
- spaced vs massed