psych 111 exam 1
Terms
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- 7 organizing themes for psychology
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empirical: based on observationtheoretically diverse: some behaviors explained by diff reasonssociohistorical context impacts theory and practicedetermined by multiple causesshaped by cultural heritageinter
- absolute threshold
- (for a specific type of sensory input)
-the minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect- addictive potential
- can be addictive depending on definition
- adolescent risks of steroids
- growth halted through premature skeletal maturation
- Alcohol
- -CNS depressant
-produces mind euphoria,relaxation,anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions-can impair coordination, mental functioning, emotional fluctuations-moderate risk of physical and psychological dependence- amygdala
- evaluates sensory info
-linked to fear responses-emotional events- anabolic steroids
- muscle building
- androgenic
- increased masculine characteristics
- audition
- stimuli for hearing are sound waves
- Behavioral genetics
- influence of genetic traits on behavior
- Behind pupil is lens
- -becomes thinner to focus on distant objects
-thicker to focus on nearby objects- binocular disparity(retinal)
- -objects project images to different locations on the right and left retina which give a diff viewof the object
-the closer an item gets the greater the display between the images on the eye- blind spot
- we dont experience as a "hole" as each eye compensates for the blind spot on the other
- brain plasticity
- ability of brain to change shape and reconnect with other neurons
- Broca's Area
- involved in speech production
- cerebum
- -largest and most complex part of brain
-divided into two halves or hemispheres-connected by a band of fibers called the CORPUS CALLOSUM- chromosomes
- hereditary material in the nuclei of all cells
-each chromosome is made up of genes which contain DNA-sperm and egg eah have 23 chromosomes; they form a zygote which contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs- chronic insomnia
- underlying medical or behavioral issues
-does have a genetic component likely as it runs in families- circadian cycles
- -individuals have diff internal clocks
-most run on 24 hour cycle-almost all are set for sleep at night-night time sleepiness:2-6am peak-siesta zone: 1-4pm-programmed for naps- clinical psychology
- diagnose and treat emotional problems
- cones
- specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision
- conscious
- mental events we are aware of
- consciousness
- the awareness of internal and external stimuli
- cornea
- light waves enter eye
- counseling psychology
- deal with problems of everyday life and transitions
- crack and cocaine
- powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulant
- demand characteristics
- subjects may behave in ways they think are expected of them
- depressants/sedatives
- slow down CNS activity; induce sleep, decrease activity
- depth perception
- retina recieves info in 2 dimensions: length and width
-brain translates into 3 dimensions; use binoculars and monocular cues- Developmental Issues with Sleep: middle age
- -Much explained by hormonal changes and alternations in the environment
- Developmental issues with sleep:adolescents
- -The sleep less but need more sleep
-Leads to decreased levels of productivity-College students fit this pattern- Developmental Issues with Sleep:newborns and infants
- -50% of sleep is REM
-By age 3-5 it is more like 20% of overall sleep is REM, which is more similar to the adult level-Infants appear to be hardwired for REM sleep- Developmental issues with sleep:the elderly
- -Most commonly impacted by changes in sleep patterns, alterations in sleep cycles.
-Spend more time in bed, take longer to fall asleep, awake more in the night, sleep is less efficient:increase in stage 1, decrease in stage 4- difference threshold
- smallest diference between 2 stimuli that people can receive 50% of the time
- dominant genes
- expressed when pair of genes is different
- double-blind study
- controls for subject and experimenter bias with limited knowledge for both
- dual process theory
- -eye has 3 types of cones with each being sensitive to a diff bond of wavelength(supports trichomatic)
-cells have been found which responds in opposite ways to red vs green, blue vs yellow (supports opp process)- effects LSD unpredictable and depend on many variables
- -amount taken
-users personality, mood, and expectations-surroundings- experimenter bias
- reasearch expectations may impact the interpretations of results
- faster absorption-more intense high
- -tolerance develops
-high doses/prolonged use can trigger paranoia-depression associated with stoppage- forebrain: hypothalamus
- hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction, body temp and the autonomic nervouse system
*The four F's: fighting, fleeing, feeding, fucking*- Forebrain: thalamus
- relays motor impulses out of brain; directs incoming sensory messages to higher centers
- form perception
- organization of sensations into meaningful shapes and patterns
- frequency
- number of sound waves, cycles per second, most common sounds are in low frequency
- frontal lobe
- contains motor cortex, responsible for making plans, initiative, creativity
-contains BROCA'S AREA- functions of sleep
- -memory consolidation
-energy conservation-helps restore bodily functions- generalizability
- the ability to reasonably apply the results to other similar populations
- genotype
- genetic make up of structure of an organism
- gestalt principles of perception
- -proximity
-closure-similarity-simplicity-continuity- hallucinogens/psychedelics
- alter perception
distort sensory experiences- health hazards of marijuana
- alter info processing in the hippocampus
- Health hazards of steroids
- -liver tumors and cancer
-jaundice-fluid retention and high blood pressure-severe acne-trembling- hearing
- the tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet
- heavy users
- -respiratory problems
-lower achievement-increase in delinquent behavior and aggression-poorer parental relationships- heterozygous genes
- two genes in pair are different
- hilgard
- altered level of consciousness
-dissociation (when hynotized, truly in another state)- hindbrain: cerebellum
- balance and coordination of movement; analyzes sensory info; may play a role in remembering simple skills, problem solving
- Hindbrain:medulla
- regulates automatic functioning, circulation, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes (sneezes/salivating)
**cant survive if destroyed**- hindbrain:pons
- regulates sleeping, waking, and dreaming
- hippocampus
- formation and storage of new memories
- homozygous genes
- two genes in pair are the same
- hue
- commonly what is meant by color
- hypnosis
- systematic procedure that typically produces heightened sense of suceptibility
- hypnotic subjects
- those more likely to be absorbed in fantasy make good hypnotic subjects
- indistrial/ organizational psychology
- enhance school performance and resolve emotional problems
- infants:visual system
- born with a functional/intact visual system
-visual accommodation is not as well developed- Insomnia
- over half of Americans report it at some time in their lives
- interpretation of dreams:
latent content- hidden meaning, wishes, fears, or impulses trying to be expressed
- interpretation of dreams:
Manifest Content- (surface level) of dream to understand the latent content
- iris
- pupils size is controlled by muscles in the colored iris that enters the eye
- just noticeable difference
- the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect
- kinesthetics
- body's way of giving feedback about our muscle and joint position
-gives us a sense of coordinated movement- krosnick study
- subliminal messages may shape attitudes without conscious awareness
- left brain dominance
- -touch and movement of right side of body
-vision in the right half of the visual field-production and comprehension of speech-reading ability-mathematical ability- Left hemisphere
- in charge of right side of body
- left visual field
- right hemisphere
- lens
- -focuses images onto the retina, reversing the image from right to left and top to bottom
-the brain reconstructs it into the image we perceive- lesions
- may create rage reactions (defensive)
- limbic system
- loosely interconnected structures involved in emotions; no clear boundaries
- Long term risks of alcohol
- -liver disease
-brain damage-heart disease-birth defects- low levels of light
- -cause pupils to dilate
-allows more light and improves optical clarity- LSD
- -hallucinogen "acid"
- marijuana
- THC active ingredient
-problems with learning and memory-distorted perception-loss of coordination-increased heart rate-panic attacks/anxiety- MDMA is neurotoxic
- -sharp increase in body temp
-cause muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure-brain imaging studies have shown injury to brain, affecting neurons that use seratonin- MDMA or Ecstasy
- -psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
- Midbrain: reticular formation
- modulates muscle reflexes, pain and perception; active in states of arousal
**damage to this area may result in comas**- midbrain: tegmentum
- helps function of movement and arousal
- midbrain:tectum
- vision and hearing
- multifactorial transmission
- environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits
- Narcolepsy
- -falling asleep suddenly or "sleep attacks" which can occur at any time and last a few seconds to 30 minutes
-symptoms appear between puberty and 25-cataplexy or sudden loss of muscle control is characteristic-may exper- nicotine
- -stimulant and sedative to CNS
-stress and anxiety affect nicotine tolerance and dependence-addiction results in withdrawal symptoms-withdrawal has led to impaired judgement, decrease in psychomotor and cognitive functioning- occipital lobe
- contains the visual cortex
- opiates/narcotics
- mimic endorhpins: increase pleasure and decrease pain
- opponent process theory
- each type of cone responds to 2 different wavelengths
-red/green-blue/yellow-black/white- opponent process theory of color vision
- holds that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three oairs of colors
- optic chiasm
- where optic nerves from each eye cross over and pass info to the opposite side of the brain
- parietal lobe
- somatosensory cortex: receives info about pain, pressure, touch and temp
- perception
- the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
- perceptual constancy
- objects appear to be relatively stable despite changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors
- perceptual schemas
- mental representatives or images for comparisons
- perceptual set
- readiness to percieve stimuli in a particular way
- phenotype
- observable or expressed characteristics of an organism
- physical dependence
- person must continue to take to avoid withdrawal illness
- physical effects
- -constricted blood vessels
-dilated pupils-increased heart rate, temp, and blood pressure- physical effects of LSD
- -dilated pupils
-increase heart rate/blood pressure-higher body temp, sweating-loss of apetite-sleeplessness-dry mouth and tremors-sensory and emotional changes-flashbacks-NO- pituitary gland
- master gland governed by hypothalamus
- placebo effect
- expectancies can impact subjective experiences
- polygenic inheritance
- many traits are determined by a combination of gene pairs
- preconscious
- mental events that can be brought to our awareness
- prefrontal lobe(cortex)
- -involved in personality, decision making, social judgement, goal setting, sequencing
-damage results in flattening of emotion and feeling**- psychoactive drugs
- a substance that affects perception, mood, thinking, memory or behavior by changing a body's chemistry
- psychological affects of steroids
- -aggression can increase
-extreme mood swings-intense jealousy and irritability-delusions and impaired judgement- psychological dependence
- person must continue to take a drug to satisfy emotional cravings
- pupil
- the opening in the center of the iris that permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye
- recessive genes
- masked when paired genes are different
- REM movement disorders
- -usually in sleep the paralysis which normally occurs doesnt function and a person actuallty acts out his dream
-most common in older menand may result in violent behavior-treated with meds-unlike with sleep terrors, these people- REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)
- -active brainwaves, increased heart rate and blood pressure, limp muscle state.
-80% of REM is dream sleep-alternates on 90 minute cycles- response set
- consistency in answers reflective of a patterned response
- Retina contains specialized sensory neurons
- -optic disk: a hole in retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye
-blind spot:- retina contains two types of light sensitive receptor cells
- Rods and Cones
-translate light waves into nerve impulses which pass through retina- right brain dominance
- -touch and movement on left side of body
-vision in the left half of the visual field-visual and spatial ability-map reading-art and music appreciation-facial recognition-analysis of non verbal so- Right hemisphere
- in charge of left side of body
- right visual field
- left hemisphere
- Risks of MDMA
- -depression, confusion, sleep problems, severe anxiety
-muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, chills/sweating-risk for people with circulatory or heart disease-some evidence for longer term- Ritalin
- -CNS stimulant medication often prescribed for ADHD
-now sold as a street drug illegally-has effects more potent than caffeine but less than amphetamines-stimulant effects-appetite suppression-- rituals
- surrounding hypnosis increase suggestibility and create expectations
- rods
- specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
- rods and cones
- -translate light waves into nerve impulses which pass through the retina
-impulses pass through the optic disk and carry visual info to the brain-they pass through optic chiasm- saturation
- color's purity
how diluted it is with black and white- school/educational psychology
- staff human service departments in businesses working on issues of morale, job satisfaction, and productivity issues
- sensation
- the stimulation of sense organs
- sensory adaptation
- a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation
- Sensory systems:Vision
- -normal stimulus for vision is electromagnetic energy or light waves
-light waves are measured in nanometers-our visual system is sensitive to wavelengths extending from about 700 nanometers(red) to about 400 nanometers(blue-violet)- septal area
- pleasure area of brain (animals increase lever pressing when accompanied by electrical impulses sent to area)
- seven areas of research study
- 1. developmental: change and growth over the lifespan
2. social: individual and group behaviors and responses across situations3. exerimental: conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and co- short term insomnia
- poor sleeping for 2-3 weeks caused by ongoing stressors as well as medical problems
- signal detection theory
- proposes that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a vairety of factors besides stimulus intensity
- single-blind study
- controls for subject bias by limiting their knowledge
- size constancy
- objects do not appear to change in size when viewed from diff distances
- Sleep Apnea
- -A "lack of breath" while sleeping; disrupts sleep patterns
-3 types identified but obstructive apnea is most common and most severe-muscles at back of throat relax obstructing airway; breathing can actually stop causing awakening- sleep deprivation
- -decrease immune functions
-leads to hallucinations and perceptual disorders-less alert and attentive-more irritable-ability to perform simple tasks declines- sleep talking
- -can range from one word to a soliloquey
-no memory of conversation-usually short term-sometimes because of stress or illness- sleep terror
- -sudden awakening with physical behavior associated with intense fear
-screaming, fighting, trying to escape fear-episodes last about 15 minutes-person returns to sleep, unable to recall in the morning-more common in c- sleepwalking
- -causes people, usually children, to take nocturnal trips they dont remember but can navigate quite well
-temporary sleep mechanism malfunctions during the deeper stages of sleep-can run in families-often abates by puberty- smell
- one drop of perfume diffused into entire volume of a six room apartment
- social desirability
- give answers which are "correct" or "appropriate" and not necesarily true
- spanos
- -subjects interpret their behavior as caused by something other than self
- split brain surgery
- corpus callosum is severed
-used as a treatment for severe seizure disorders- stages of sleep(non REM sleep)
- 1. light sleep, small irregular brain waves, muscles relax
2. high peaking waves, sleep spindles, burst of electrical activity3. deep sleep, delta waves, slow with high peaks4. pregressively more delta waves (deep sleep)- steroids
- -man made substances related to male hormones used to treat low levels of testosterone
-abused to enhance performace/improve appearance- steroids for females
- -facial hair
-cessation of menstrual cycle-deepened voice-baldness- steroids for males
- -shrinking testicles
-reduced sperm count-infertility-breats-prostate cancer- stimulants
- speed up activity in the CNS
- stimulus detection
- stimulus:any detectable input from the environment
-detectable stimulus depends on who or what is doing the detecting- subliminal perception
- can we be unaware of things and have them still have an impact?
- summation of spano's beliefs
- -hyponosis represents a voluntary action, brought about by expectations
-hypnotic behaviors are highly motivated, goal-directed social behaviors-hypnosis is not truly an altered state of consciousness-good hypnotic subjects are m- taste
- one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
- temporal lobe
- involved in memory, perception, and emotion
-contains auditory cortex and WERNICKE'S AREA- tolerance
- the progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
- touch
- the wing of a fly on your cheek from a distance of 1 centimeter
- transient insomnia
- lasts only a few nights, often due to anxiety or excitement
- trichomatic theory
- three types of color receptors in the retina
-individual cones are most sensitive to either red, blue, or green-couldnt explain after images- trichromatic theory of color vision
- holds that the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths
- Twin Studies
- -1 in 50 born are twins; numbers increasing
-look at heredity by comparing similarities and differences between identical/fraternal twins-look at adoption studies of twins reared apart and assess the influence of heredity- unconscious
- mental events inaccessible to our awareness
- Various factors involved in hypnosis
- -anesthesia
-sensory distortions-disinhibition:make things more comfortable that usually are not (ex: big speech)-post hypnotic amnesia: some done remember being hypnotsized- various kinds of awareness
- -of external events
-of internal sensations-of oneself as unique to experiences-of thoughts about experiences- vestibular
- -in the inner ear
-helps with balance and maintaining our equilibrium in space- vision
- a candle can be seen at 30 miles on a dark clear night
- visual cliff experiments
- do we develop depth perception or are we born with it?
- visual illusions
- most visual illusions occur because of perceptual constancies which usually help us perceive more accurately
- ways to combat insomnia
- -exercise during the day
-dont use your bed for anything besides sleeping (or bed related activities)-dont drink caffeinated products before bed-if you cant sleep, get up and then come back later and try again- Weber's Law
- the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulant
- Wernicke's area
- involved in language comprehension