philosphy 1+2
Terms
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- the branch of philosophy that answers questions such as ;What is knowledge??
- Epistemology
- Theory of being ;the branch of philosphy pursuing such questions as:What is Real?What is the difference between appearance and reality?Whatis the relation between mind and body?Are numbers real???
- Ontology
- The branch of philosophy that studies the structure of valid inference:a purely formal discipline.interested in the structure of argument rather than the content.
- Logic
- Moral values ;The study of duty
- Ethics
- The study of social institutions_____government.
- Political and social philosophy
- The study of beauty --Sensations
- Aesthetics
- A belief proposition or argument is said to be a __________if its truth or falsity can be established only thru observation.Classical empericism was an attempt to show that all significant knowledge about the world is based on _______truths
- a posteriori
- A term in ancient Greek philosophy usually translated as "virtue";though sometimes as excellence or quality.
- Arete
- An idea present at birth.
- innate knowledge
- A belief,proposition,or argument is said to be ____________ if its truth or falsity can be established independently of observation.Classical rationalism was an attempt to show that all significant knowledge about the world is based on ________truths, wh
- a priori
- Usually associated with the philosophies of Plato or Aristotle.for Plato everything that exists in the physical or conceptual world is in some way dependent upon__________.
- Forms
- The epistemological view that true knowledge is derived primarily from reason.In most versions this material takes the form of innate ideas,(Descartes)
- Rationalism
- The only thing that doesn't change is change.
- HERaclitus
- One nameless element the "Indeterminate"
- Anaximander
- Everything explained by numbers.
- Pythagoras
- Catholic scientist;Rationalism;Analytic geometry;Earth not the center.
- Rene Descartes
- Descarte's dought;Evil genius;dreaming, Doubt Everything till reason found not to.
- Methological doubt
- Independent of observation
- A-priori
- Only by direct observation
- a-posteriori
- The epistemological view that true knowledge is derived primarily from sense experience.For these philosophers,,all significant knowledge is a posteriori.(Locke, Berkeley and Hume),all denied the existance of innate ideas.(blank slate)
- Empericism
- The ontological view that only one entity exists or one kind of entity exists.
- Monism
- The ontological view that reality is composed of a multiplicity of things of different kinds of things and that this multiplicity cannot be reduced to one or two categories.
- Pluralism
- The study of the evidence for the existence of purpose,design,and intentionality in both human and nonhuman domains.Goals,purposes,or intentions.Contrast with causal explanations
- Teleology
- Latin for blank slate.Epericism from John Locke forward assumed that the mind is a __________ at birth and that all knowledge muxty be inscribed on that blank slate by experience.
- tabula rasa
- A principal of simplification derived trom the medieval philosopher William of _________,according to which if there are two competing theories ,both of which account for all the observable data, the simpler of the two is the preferable.
- Ockham's razor
- The epistemological view that concepts are generalized ideas existing only in the mind but that they are derived and abstracted by the mind from real similarities and distinctions in nature.
- Conceptualism
- A __________ is that which is perceived immediately by any one of the senses prior to interpretation by the mind. _________ include the perceptions of color ,sounds ,tastes odors, tactile sensations,pleasures, and pains.Classical empiricism based itslf o
- sense data
- A proposition is a ___________.if it is in some way repetitive or redundant.For example.definitions are ___________ because their predicates are equivalents of the term being defined.
- tautology
- The theory according to which perception does not occur as the summation of a number of perceptual parts; rather,these perceptual parts themselves are derived grom the general perceptual field,which has properties that cannot be derived from any or all o
- gesalt psychology
- A state or perceptual confusion caused by the experience of sensations that are different from those anticipated.
- cognitive dissonance
- The ontological view that reality is composed of two kinds of beings, usually(as in Descartes)minds and bodies.
- Dualism
- The ontological view that ,ultimately,every existing thing can be shown to be spiritual or mental(hence,a version of monism),usually associated in Western philosophy with Berkeley and Hegal.
- Idealism
- Everything thing is in your consciense and can't be proved outside the mind.
- Idealism
- The ontological view that reality can be shown to be material in nature"that minds are really brains"
- Materialistic monism
- The theory that only observable features of human or animal activity need be studied to provide an adequate scientific account of that activity.
- Behaviorism
- A_________ is the mistake of taking a term or phrase tht belongs in one logical or grammatical category and erroneouslu placing it in another category and then drawing absurd conclusions from that miscategorization.
- a category mistake
- truth by definition
- conceptual truth
- redundant and repititious
- tautologies
- Qualitative as compared to the quantitative
- qualia
- x causes y
- causality