Psychology-Unit beginning with Memory
Terms
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- Memory
- Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
- Flashbulb memories
- Clear memory of an emotionally significant event.
- Encoding
- Processing of information, getting info. into the brain.
- Storage
- Retention of encoded information
- Retrieval
- Getting info. out of storage.
- Sensory Memory
- Immediate, initial memory of sensory information.
- Short-Term Memory
- Holds a few items briefly (like a phone number).
- Long-Term Memory
- Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.
- Spacing Effect
- Learn better when rehearsal is spaced over time.
- Serial Postion Effect
- When given a list of words you remember the first few and the last few.
- Which is learned better, Visual, acoustic, or semantic encoding?
- Semantic encoding, because we remeber best when we apply meaning to the word.
- Chunking
- More easily recall information you can organize into meaninful units.
- Where is memory stored?
- No particular part of the brain....all spread out.
- Is stress a factor in memory?
- Yes, we remember better when we are stressed.
- Recall
- must retrieve learning from earlier (fill in the blank)
- Recognition
- Need to identify items previously learned (multiple choice)
- Relearning
- Amount of time saved when you learn information for a second time.
- Priming
- Activation of memory using association.
- Deja Vu
- We can see similar things to other situations and feel as though we have been in this situation before.
- Mood congruent
- When sad, remember sad times. (based on emotion)
- Encoding Failure
- Never enters long-term memory (due to attention focus)
- Storage Decay
- Gradual fading of memory trace
- Retreival Failure
- Inaccessible information
- Proactive inference
- Early learning disrupts later info.
- Retroactive inference
- Later learning disrupts earlier info.
- Concepts
- Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- Prototype
- Best example of a category (what comes to mind when you think of a chair, driver, bird, etc)
- Algorithm
- Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving but takes longer and very tedious. (Takes longer, less errors)
- Heuristic
- Thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems. (Faster but error prone)
- Insight
- Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. "AHA" moment.
- Confirmation bias
- We search for information that confirms our beliefs.
- Fixation
- Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
- Mental Set
- Predisposes how we think.
- Functional Fixedness
- Think of things only in usual purpose.
- Representative Heuristic
- Judge likelihood based on how well it fits prototype.
- Availability Heuristic
- Likelihood based on availability in memory.
- Framing
- Way an issue posed affects decisions.
- Belief Bias
- Pre-existing beliefs distort logical reasoning.
- Belief Perseverance
- Cling to initial belief when bias for belief is discredited.
- Language
- Spoken, written, or signed words and combining them to communicate.
- Phonemes
- Smallest distinctive sound unit. Chat -- Ch-a-t
- Morpheme
- Smallest unit that carries meaning. Pre- , -ed
- Grammer
- System of rules enables us to communicate with others.
- Semantics
- Study of meaning.
- Syntax
- Combining words into grammatically sensible sentances.
- Operant Learning
- Associations, imitation, and reinforcement drives language acquisition.
- Inborn Universial Grammer
- Helping flower to grow in its own way, all language have same building blocks (nouns, verbs, etc).
- Statistical learning
- Gradual neural connections based on experience.
- Linguistic Determination
- Language determines the way we think.
- Thinking without language
- Can do mental practice, power of imagery
- Intelligence
- Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.
- Intelligence Tests
- Assessing mental aptitude and compare with others.
- Factor Analysis
- Statistical procedure identifies clusters of items.
- Savant Syndrome
- Person with limited mental ability has exceptional specific skill.
- Emotional Intelligence
- Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
- Aptitude test
- Predict future performance.
- Achievement test
- Assess what you have learned.
- Reliability
- Will test give consistent results?
- Validity
- Does test measure what it is?
- Motivation
- Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
- Instinct
- Complex behavior patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Genetic blueprint explains dispostion for behaviors.
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Physiological need leads to aroused state which drives us to behavior. (aim is homeostasis)
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
Physiological Needs - Set Point Theory
- We keep around the same weight-why diet effects are short-lived.
- Social Cues
- lunch or dinner time will puch hunger
- I/O Psychology
- Using psychological concepts to optimize workplaces.
- Personnel Psychology
- Employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
- Organizational Psychology
- Pushes organization to provide work satisfaction and productivity.
- Interviewer Illusion
- We overestimate our "gut instinct".
- Halo Effect
- If I think you are nice I'll also think you're smart (ability in one area influences how you rank other areas)
- Structured Interview
- Same questions, established scoring
- James-Lang theory
- Separate physiological activity for each emotion.
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Emotion and physiology happens at same time
- Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
- To experience emotion, must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. (physiology happens and interpret environment for emotion)
- Sympathetic Nervous system
- body's fight or flight response.
- Parasynpathetic Nervous system
- Calming equilibrium