Psychology Chapter 8
Terms
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- The capacity to preserve and recover information
- Memory
- The processes that determine and control how memories are formed
- Encoding
- The processes that determine and control how memories are stored and kept over time.
- Storage
- The processes that determine and control how memories are recovered and translated into performance.
- Retrieval
- An exact replica of an environmental message which usually lasts for a second or less.
- Sensory Memory
- A limited capacity system that we use to hold information, after it has been analyzed, for periods lasting less than a minute or two.
- Short-term memory
- The system that produces and stores visual sensory memories.
- Iconic Memory
- The system that produces and stores auditory sensory memories
- Echoic Memory
- A strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition
- Rehearsal
- The number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order on half of the tested memory trials.
- Memory Span
- A short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
- Chunking
- The system used to maintain information for extended periods of time.
- Long-term memory
- A memory for a particular event, or episode, that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning or where you went on vacation last year
- Episodic Memory
- Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to oneÂ’s personal experiences.
- Semantic Memory
- Knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club.
- Procedural Memory
- An encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory.
- Elaboration
- A term used to refer to how unique or different a memory record is from other things in memory. Memory records with this characteristic tend to be recalled well.
- Distinctiveness
- Rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events.
- Flashbulb Memory
- The processes used to construct an internal visual image.
- Visual Imagery
- Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time.
- Distributed Practice
- The better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list.
- Primary Effect
- The better memory of items near the end of a memorized list.
- Recency Effect
- Special mental tricks that help people improve later memory. Most of these require the use of visual imagery.
- Mnemomic Devices
- A mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then from visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway
- Method of Loki
- A mnemonic device in which you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues.
- Peg-word method
- A testing condition in which a person is asked to remember information without explicit retrieval cues.
- Free recall
- A testing condition in which subjects are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember.
- Cued Recall
- The idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he or she used during encoding.
- Transfer Appropriate Processing
- Remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness or willful intent.
- Implicit Memory
- Conscious, willful remembering.
- Explicit Memory
- An organized knowledge structure in long-term memory.
- Schema
- The loss in accessibility of previously stored material.
- Forgetting
- The proposal that memories are forgotten or lost spontaneously with the passage of time.
- Decay
- A process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories.
- Retroactive Interference
- A process in which old memories interfere with the establishment and recovery of new memories.
- Proactive Interference
- A defense mechanism that individuals use, unknowingly, to push threatening thoughts, memories, and feelings out of conscious awareness
- Repression
- Forgetting that is caused by physical problems in the brain, such as those induced by injury or disease.
- Amnesia
- Memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury.
- Retrograde Amnesia
- Memory loss for events that happens after the point of physical injury. H.M. is an example of this.
- Anterograde Amnesia