Western civ./chapter 7
Terms
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- steel
- most important commodity of the Second Industrial Revolution. used to make ships, trains, bridges, and weapons of war
- Freudian psychology
- most human mental processes are unconscious and irrational
- Louis Pasteur
- Frenchman discovered that the source of contagious diseases is bacteria, not water, air or odor. Pasteurized milk
- Darwinism
- people are descended from lower life forms. rests on variation and natural selection
- intercontinental cable
- laid between North America and Britain in 1867
- Joseph Conrad
- wrote Heart of Darkness
- social gospel
- wanted to build a kingdom of God on earth
- William and Catherine Booth
- founded the Salvation Army
- Albert Einstein
- in 1905 published an article in which he stated his theory of relativity.
- John D. Rockefeller
- owned Standard Oil. monopolized more than 75 percent of U.S. oil, which was vital to the growth of the industry in the 1890's
- Sigmund Freud
- considered the founder of psychoanalysis. believed that humans are conscious of is just a sa=mall fraction of their mental lives. Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams. emphasized defense mechanisms and secularization.
- Andrew Carnegie
- Promoted the gospel of wealth arguing that the rich should help the poor to help themselves.
- Henry Ford
- made the Model T
- Heart of Darkness
- a novel by Joseph Conrad that takes place in the Congo where taskmasters often brutalized the natives
- Gottieb Daimler and Karl Benz
- they perfected the internal combustion engine
- theory of relativity
- view that the universe has four dimensions height, width, depth, and time.
- William Gladstone
- presided over the passing of a Reform Act that gave the vote to 60 percent of Britain's adult men.
- Salvation Army
- founded by William and Catherine Booth in 1878 and is a major distributor of help to the poor. Emphasized both religious and social salvation. mission is to help drug addicts, prostitutes, the homeless, and other in need.
- thomas Malthus
- maintained that all species, including humans, produce more offspring than can survive due to inevitable food shortages.
- Marie Curie
- in 1898 discovered radium, which did not act according to prevailing theories.
- Charles Darwin
- wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871. had the Principles of Geology in 1830
- Herbert Spencer
- coined Social Darwinists. made popular the phrase "survival of the fittest."
- Guglielmo Marconi
- sent the first radio waves across the atlantic
- Robert Koch
- german professor that isolated the tuberculosis bacillus
- Rudyard Kipling
- spoke of the "white man's burden", that is, his obligation to uplift the colonized.
- higher criticism
- Bible was like other ancient books: full of wisdom but historically unreliable
- Public Health Act
- in 1875 made it illegal to construct new buildings without plumbing
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- made famous the phrase "God is dead." encouraged people to exercise a "will to power."
- Gregor Mendel
- studied inheritance traits in generations of peas. "father of genetics"
- X ray
- in 1895 was discovered and led many to question prevailing views about the solidity of matter.
- Alexander Graham Bell
- invented the telephone in 1876