Medical Terminology Exam 2
Terms
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- Peristalsis
- the involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus propelling the bolus toward stomach
- fundus
- upper portion of the stomach
- body
- middle section of the stomach
- antrum
- lower portion of the stomach
-
hyperbilirubinemia
(jaundice) - yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of eyes and mucous membranes
- absorption
- passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the blood stream
- anus
- opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
- bile
- digestive juices made in the liver & stored in the gallbladder (composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts)
- bowel
- intestine
- canine teeth
- pointed, dog-like teeth, next to the incisors, also called cuspids or eye teeth
- cecum
- first part of lg. intestine
- colon
- lg. intestine
- defecation
- expulsion or passage of feces from the body through anus
- deglutition
- swallowing
- digestion
- breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
- duodenum
- 1st part of the small intestine, measures 12"
- elimination
- removal of waste material from the body
- esophagus
- tube connecting the throat to the stomach
- feces
- solid wastes; stools
- gallbladder
- small sac under the liver, stores bile
- ileum
- third part of the small intestine
- incisor
- one of the four front teeth in the dental arch
- jejunum
- second part of the sm. intestine
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- ring of muscles between the esophagus & stomach (cardiac sphincter
- mastication
- chewing
- molar teeth
- sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
- palate
- roof of the mouth (the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate)
- pancreas
- organ under the stomach; produces insulin
-
papillae
(singular: papilla) - small elevations on the tongue (a papilla is a nipple-like elevation)
- pharynx
- throat, the common passage way for food from the mouth & air from the nose
- pyloric sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers a the distal region of the stomach where it joins the duodenum
- rectum
- last section of the colon
- sigmoid colon
- lower part of the colon; shaped like an S
- sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
- stomach
- muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
- uvula
- soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth
- an/o
- anus
- append/o, appendic/o
- appendix
- cec/o
- cecum
- celi/o
- belly, abdomen
- colon/o
- colon
- dent/i
- tooth
- esophag/o
- esophagus
- lapar/o
- abdomen
- mandibul/o
- lower jaw, mandible
- or/o
- mouth
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- peritone/o
- peritoneum
- sialaden/o
- salivary gland
- sigmoid/o
- sigmoid colon
- amyl/o
- starch
- bil/i
- gall, bile
- bilirubin/o
- bilirubin
- chlorhydr/o
- hydrochloric acid
- gluc/o, glyc/o
- sugar
- glycogen/o
- glycogen, animal starch
- lip/o, steat/o
- fat, lipid
- lith/o
- stone
- -ase
- enzyme
- -chezia
- defecation, elimination of wastes
- -iasis
- abnormal condition
- -prandial
- meal
- anorexia
- lack of appetite
- ascites
- abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- borborygmus
- rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
- constipation
- difficulty in passing stools
- diarrhea
- frequent passage of loose, watery stools
- dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing
- eructation
- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
- flatus (flatulence)
- gas expelled through the anus
- hematochezia
- passage of bright, fresh, red, blood from the rectum
- jaundice (icterus)
- yellow-orange coloration of the skin and ohter tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
- melena
- black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
- nausea
- unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit
- steatorrhea
- fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling, fecal matter
- aphthous stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers (canker sores)
- dental caries
- tooth decay
- herpetic stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus (fever blisers; cold sores)
- oral leukoplakia
- white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
- periodontal disease
- inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone (pyorrhea)
- achalasia
- failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax
- esophageal varices
- swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach
- gastric carcinoma
- malignant tumor of the stomach
- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach (heartburn)
- hernia
- protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it
- hiatal hernia
- upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm
- inguinal hernia
- occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle
- peptic ulcer
- open sore of lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum
- anal fistula
- abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
- colonic polyposis
- polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous memebrane of the colon
- colorectal cancer
- adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both
- Crohn disease
- chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon)
- diverticulosis
- abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
- dysentery
- painful, inflamed intestines
- hemorrhoids
- swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
- ileus
- failure of peritalsis with obstruction of the intestines
- intussusception
- telescoping of the intestines
- irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- group of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms associated with stress and tension
- ulcerative colitis
-
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
(inflammatory bowel disease) - volvulus
- twisting of the intestine upon itself
- cholelithiasis
-
gallstones in the gallbladder
(calculi) - cirrhosis
- chronic degenerative disease of the liver
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- viral hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
- lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)
- x-ray images of the colon and rectum after injecting barium into the rectum
- upper gastrointestinal series
- x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after administering barium by mouth (barium swallow)
- cholangiography
- x-ray examination of the biliary system after injecting contrast into the bile ducts
- percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
- the contrast medium enters via needle through the abdominal wall into the liver
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
-
contrast medium is injected via catheter (tube) through
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and then into bile ducts - computed tomography; CT; CT scan; or CAT scan (A=axial)
- x-ray series showing cross-sectional images of internal organs allows visualization
- abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound; sonography; sonogram)
- sound waves beamed into the abdomen, produce an image of abdominal viscera
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- magnetic and radio waves produce images or organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
- liver scan
- image of the liver after injecting radioactive material into the blood stream
- BE
- barium enema
- BRBPR
- bright red blood per rectum; hematochezia
- BM
- bowel movement
- CT scan
- computed tomography
- EGD
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- ERCP
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
- GB
- gallbladder
- GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GI
- gastrointestinal
- IBD
- inflammatory bowel disease
- MRI
- magnetic resonance imaging
- NG tube
- nasogastric tube
- NPO
- nothing by mouth
- PUD
- peptic ulcer disease
- TPN
- total parenteral nutrition
- albino
- person with skin deficient in pigment
- basal layer
- the deepest region of the epidermis; it gives rise to all the epidermal cells
- dermis
- middle layer of skin; also called corium
- epidermis
- outermost layer of the skin
- epithelium
- layer of cells forming the outer & inner surfaces of the body
- hair follicle
- sac w/in which each hair grows
- integumentary system
- the skin & its accessory structures such as hair & nails
- lipocyte
- a fat cell
- lunula
- the half-moon-shaped, white area at the base of a nail
- melanin
- major pigment that gives the skin color; formed by melanocytes in the epidermis
- sebaceous gland
- Oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated w/ hair follicles
- sebum
- oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
- subcutaneous tissue
- the innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue
- keratin
- hard protein found in hair
- caus/o
- burn, burning
- cauter/o
- heat, burn
- cutane/o
- skin
- derm/o, dermat/o
- skin
- diaphor/o
- profuse sweating
- erythem/o, erythemat/o
- redness
- hidr/o
- sweat
- ichthy/o
- scaly, dry (fish-like)
- kerat/o
- hard, horny tissue
- myc/o
- fungus (fungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms)
- onych/o, ungu/o
- nail
- phyt/o
- plant
- pil/o
- hair
- rhytid/o
- wrinkle
- seb/o
- sebum (oily secretion from sebaceous glands)
- squam/o
- scale-like
- xer/o
- dry
- -derma
- skin
- crust
- collection of dried serum and cellular debris
- cyst
- thick-walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material
- erosion
- wearing away of loss of epidermis
- fissure
- groove or crack-like sore
- macule
- discolored (often reddened) flat lesion
- nodule
- solid, elevated lesion more than 1cm in diameter
- papule
- small (less than 1cm in diameter), solid elevation of the skin
- polyp
- mushroom-like growth extending on a stalk from the surface of mucous membrane
- pustule
-
small elevation of the skin containing pus
(abscess-collection of pus) - ulcer
-
open sore on the skin or mucous membrane
(decubitus ulcers- bed sores) - vesicle
-
small collection of clear fluid (serum); blister
(bullae=large blisters) - wheal
- smooth, slightly elevated edematous (swollen) area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin
- alopecia
- absence of hair from areas where it normally grows
- alopecia areata
- condition in which hair falls out in patches
- ecchymosis (plural: ecchymoses)
- bluish-black mark (macule) on the skin; black-and-blue mark
- petechia (plural: petechiae)
- a small, pinpoint hemorrhage
- pruritus
- itching
- purpura
- merging ecchymoses and petechiae over any part of the body
- urticaria (hives)
- acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on the skin
-
acne
(abnormal cond) - papular and pustular eruption of the skin
- burns
- injury to tissues caused by heat contact
- cellulitis
- diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling
- eczema
- inflammatory skin disease w/ erythematous, papulvesicular lesions
- exanthematous viral diseases
- rash (exanthem) of the skin due to a viral infection
- gangrene
- death of tissue associated w/ loss of blood supply
- impetigo
- bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions
- psoriasis
- chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red palques covered by silvery gray scales
- scabies
- a contagious, parasitic infection of the skin w/ intense pruritus
- scleroderma
- a chronic progressive disease of the skin w/ hardening & shrinking of connective tissue
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- chronic inflammatory disease of collagen in the skin, of joints, & of internal organs
- tinea
- infection of the skin caused by a fungus
- tinea corporis
- ringworm
- tinea pedis
- athlete's foot
- tinea capitis
- on the scalp
- tinea barbae
- affecting the skin under a beard
- tinea unguium
- affecting the nails
- vitiligo
- loss of pigment (depigmentation) in areas of the skin (milk-white patches)
- callus
- increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction
- keloid
- hypertrophied, thickened scar that occurs after trauma or surgical incision
- keratosis
- thickened area of the epidermis
- leukoplakia
- white, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek
- nevus (plural: nevi)
- pigmented lesion of the skin
- verruca
- epidermal growth caused by a virus (wart)
- basal cell carcinoma
- malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
- Kaposi sarcoma
- malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules; frequently on the lower extremities
- malignant melanoma
- cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
- squamous cell carcinoma
- malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis
- bacterial analyses
- sample of skin are sent to a laboratory to detect presence of microorganisms
- purulent
-
pus-filled
(bacterial analyses) - exudate
-
fluid that accumulates
(bacterial analyses) - cryosurgery
- use of subfreezing temperature via liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue
- curettage
- use of sharp dermal curet (curette) to scrape away a skin lesion
- electrodesiccation
- tissue is destroyed by burning w/ an electric spark
- Moh's surgery
- thin layers of a malignant growth are removed, & each is examined under a microscope (microscopically controlled surgery
- skin biopsy
- suspected malignant skin lesions are removed & sent to the pathology laboratory for microscopic examination
- skin test
- the rct of the body to a subastance by observing the results of injecting the substance intradermally or applying it topically to the skin
-
patch test
(skin test) - allergen-treated piect of gauze or filter paper is applied to the skin; if skin gets red & swollen the result is positive
-
scratch test
(skin test) - seveal scratches are made in the skin & a very minute amt of test material is inserted into the scratches
- ABCD
- asymmetry, border, color, diameter (char. assoc. w/ skin cancer)
- bx
- biopsy
- Derm.
- dermatology
- SLE
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- subcut
- subcutaneous
- psychiatrists
- specialist in the treatment of the mind
- child psychiatrists
- specialize in the treatment of children
- forensic psychiatrists
- specialize in the legal aspects of psychiatry
- psychologist
- nonmedical person who is trained in methods of psychotherapy
- intelligence (I.Q.) test
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- projective (personality) tests
-
Rorschach technique (ink blots)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (pics for making up stories) - amnesia
- loss of memory
- anxiety
- varying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension, or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, bresthlessness, and choking sensations
- apathy
- abscence of emotions; lack of interest or emotional involvement
- compulsion
- uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
- conversion
- physical symptom w/ no organic basis, appearing as a result of anxiety and conflict
- delusion
- a fixed false belief that can't be changed by logical reasoning or evidence