Intro. Psychology CLEP v2
Terms
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- This group wanted to discover the basic elements of mental experience.
- Structuralists
- This group thought that understanding the mind meant understanding what the mind accomplished.
- Functionalists
- This group explained behavior in terms of learned responses to predictable patterns.
- Behaviorists
- This group gives rewards and punishments.
- Humanists
- Randomness allows groups to form with respect to the ___.
- Dependent variable
- The simplest cell is the ___.
- Neuron
- According to this, threshold increases in proportion to the intensity of stimuli.
- Weber's Law
- The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled by normal processes is part of the theory that says hypnosis entails ___.
- Role playing
- On this schedule, a rat might receive a pellet of food for every sixth lever pressed.
- Fixed ratio schedule
- On this schedule, the average number of presses required for food would be six.
- Variable ratio schedule
- On this schedule, a food reinforcer would be delivered, say six seconds after the last.
- Fixed interval schedule
- On this schedule, the amount of time between getting a reinforcer and the next keeps changing.
- Variable intervel schedule
- The ability to learn by watching what happens to models.
- Vicariously
- Explains behavior in terms of factors inside a person.
- Dispositional attributions
- Nerves carried by the dorsal root which relay sensory impulses to the central nervous system.
- Afferent nerves
- Loss of the ability to express linguistic communications, resulting from cerebral damage.
- Aphasia
- A reflex present in the newborn child.
- Babinski reflex
- A theory of emotion that holds that bodily reaction and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
- Cannon-Bard theory
- A form of learning in which an originally neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with a reinforcer elicits a response.
- Classical conditioning
- An uncomfortable psychological conflict between beliefs and behavior.
- Cognitive dissonance
- The extent to which a particular item in a test is a true measure of some abstract trait that can only be verified indirectly.
- Construct validity
- A neurotic reaction which reduces anxiety by inactivation of part of the body.
- Conversion reaction
- Intelligence used in the application of already-learned materials which is usually considered to be rigid or unchanging.
- Crystallized intelligence
- Relative anonymity of individual characteristics and identifications in certain social situations such as mobs or crowds.
- Deindividuation
- Theory of what causes schizophrenia.
- Diathesis-stress theory
- Guilford's term for the type of thinking that produces several different solutions for a problem.
- Divergent thinking
- Information stored briefly as an auditory image of a stimulus.
- Echoic memory
- Photographic memory.
- Eidetic imagery
- Intelligence that can adjust to new situations.
- Fluid intelligence
- The tendency, when rating an individual on one characteristic, to be influenced by another characteristic of his personality.
- Halo effect
- The effect on subjects' performance attributable to their knowledge that they are serving as experimental subjects or being treated in a special manner.
- Hawthorne effect
- A monocular depth cue in which one object appears closer to the viewer because it is partially blocks the view of another object.
- Interposition
- A theory proposing that emotion-producing stimuli generate physical reactions, which are perceived as felt emotions.
- James-Lange theory of emotions
- The outer of the three bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea. "Hammer"
- Malleus
- The lowest and most posterior part of the brain, which is connected to the spinal cord.
- Medulla
- A type of learning involving an increase in the probability of a response occuring as a result of the reinforcement.
- Operant conditioning
- Three tiny bones in the middle ear which transmit the sound vibrations from the eardrum.
- Ossicles
- Contains the somatic and autonomic systems.
- Peripheral nervous system
- The smallest unit of sound that has meaning in the language.
- Phoneme
- Time interval, usually following a response, during which almost no stimulus will produce another response.
- Refractory period
- Phenomenon in which the mere presence of other persons increases individual performance.
- Social facilitation
- A defense mechanism in which an acceptable activity is substituted for an unacceptable activity.
- Sublimation
- The notion that the mind is initially a "blank tablet" to be inscribed upon by experience.
- Tabula rasa
- A relatively unique pattern in behavior.
- Trait
- The assumption that the form of expression in a language directs the form of thought processes that develop.
- Whorfian hypothesis
- A statement that performance is a curvilinear function of arousal or motivation.
- Yerkes-Dodson law
- Theory of color vision, holding that there are 3 kinds of color receptors, and that any color experience involves a combination of these.
- Young-Helmholtz theory
- Involves transforming one form of energy into another form of energy.
- Transduction
- Neurotransmitters are stored in ___ on the neuron's axon where they're released to signal adjacent cells.
- Terminal buttons
- A perceptual illusion, in which a disembodied perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images.
- Phi phenomenon
- Procedural memory.
- Implicit memory
- Involves being aware of what you know.
- Explicit or declarative memory
- Orientation involving self interest, obedience, and punishment.
- Pre-conventional
- Orientation involving accord, conformity, and authority maintaining.
- Conventional
- Orientation involving social contract and ethics.
- Post-conventional
- These effects have been demonstrated to exaggerate the inclinations of group members after a discussion.
- Group polarization
- The expression, happiness depends on doing better than we think other people are doing.
- Relative-deprivation principle.