Pysch Ch. 6

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Terms

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awareness of ourselves and our environment: consciousness
the ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of all others: selective attention
a relatively passive state of waking consciousness that involves turning attention away from external stimuli to internal thought and imaginary situation: daydreaming
a person who has regular, vivid fantasies and who sometimes cnanot separate fantasy from reality: fantasy-prone personality
a nonwaking state of consciousness characterized by minimal physicla movemetn and minimal responsiveness to one's surroundings: sleep
internally generated behavioral and physiological changes that occur on a daily basis: circadian rhythms
very fast, low-amplitude brain waves associated with an active, alert state of mind: beta waves
fast, low-amplitude brain waves associated with a relaxed, wakeful state: alpha waves
irregular, low-amplitude brain waves associated with stage 1 sleep: theta waves
bursts of rapid, rhythmic electrical activity in the brain characteristic of stage 2 sleep: sleep spindles
slow, high-amplitude brain waves most typical of stage 4 deep sleep: delta waves
a relatively active phase in the sleep cycle, characterized by rapid eye movements, in which dreaming occurs: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
storylike sequences of vivid visual images experienced during sleep: dreams
dreams in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming and is often able to change the plot of the dream: lucid dreams
the dream that is remembered by the dreamer: manifest content
the true meaning of the dream that is concealed from the dreamer through the symbols that make up the manifest dream content: latent content
a theory taht dreams provide people with the opportunity to creatively solve their everyday problems: problem-solving theory
a theory that the cognitive process of dreaming consolidates and stores information gathered during the day, thus allowing us to maintain a smaller and more efficient brain: off-line dream theory
a theory that dreaming is a by-product of random brain activity, which the forebrain weaves into a somewhat logical story: activation-synthesis theory
a awareness of oneself and one's environment that is noticeably different from the normal state of consciousness: altered state of consciousness
a psychological state of altered attention and awareness in which a person is unusually receptive to suggestions: hypnosis
the degree to which a person can enter a deep hypnotic state: hypnotizability
a theory that hypnotized persons enter an altered state in which two streams of consciousness operate simultaneously, one actively responding to suggestions and the other passively observing what is going on: neodissociation theory
a variety of mental exercises that alter the normal flow of consciousness in order to enhance self-knowledge: meditation
chemicals that modify mental processes and behavior: psychoactive drugs
persistence in drug use even when impaired behavior or social functioning results: drug abuse
an effect of drug abuse in which greater amounts of the drug are necessary to produce the same effect once produced by a smaller dose: tolerance
psychoactive drugs that slow down-or depress- the nervous system and decrease mental and physical activity: depressants
psychoactive drugs tha speed up- or stimulate- the nervous system and increase mental and physical activity: stimulants
psychoactive drugs that distort perception and generate sensory images wi thout any external stimulation: hallucinogens
the occurrence of tolerance and physical dependence due to the prolonged abuse of alcohol: alcoholism
a category of depressant drugs, including opium, morphine, and heroin, that depress the nervous system, temporarily relieve pain, and produce a relaxed, dreamlike state: opiates
the most potent of the hallucinogens, which is synthesized an dinduces hallucinations, distortions, and a blending of sensory experiences: LSD
a mild hallucinogen derived from the leafy material of the hemp, or Cannabis, plant that often induces a sense of giddiness or euphoria, as well as a heightened sensitivity to various stimuli: marijuana
the major p sychoactive ingredient in marijuana: THC
a sleep disorder involving panic attacks that occur during early night stage 4 NREM sleep: night terrors
a leep disorder in which a person arised and wanders about while remaining asleep: sleepwalking
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable REM sleep attacks during normal waking hours: narcolepsy
a sleep disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep: sleep apnea
a common sleep disorder involving the chronic inablity to fall or stay asleep: insomnia
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus: conditioned response (cr)
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response: conditioned stimulus
the initial stae of classical conditioning, during which a previously neutral stimulus begins to acquired the ability to elict a conditioned response: acquisition
a classical conditioning procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an existing conditioned stimulus: higher-order conditioning
in classical conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus: stimulus generalization
in classical conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response not to be elicied by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus: stimulus discrimination
in classical conditioning, the gradual weakening and disappearance of teh conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeartedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus: extinction
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus: spontaneous recovery
a basic principle of learning that states that behavior becomes more or less likely based on the effect it has in producing desirable or undesirable consequences: law of effect
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment: operant conditioning
the process by which a stimulus increases the probablility of the behavor that it follows: reinforcement
any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will be repeated: reinforcer
stimuli that are innately reinforcing because they satisfy some biological need: primary reinforcers
stimuli that are learned and become reinforcing by being associated with primary reinforcers: secondary reinforcers
stimuli that strengthen a response by presenting a positive stimulus after a response: positive reinforcers
stimuli that strengthen a rsponse by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus after a response: negative reinforcers
a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct reponse is followed by a reinforcer: continuous reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which correct responses are followed by reinforcers only part of the time: partial reinforcement
partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce a response after a specified number of nonreinforce response: fixed-ratio schedule
partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses: variable-ratio schedules
partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed: fixed-interval schedules
partial reinforcement schedules that niforce the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed: variable-interval schedules
in operant conditioning, the process of teaching a new behavior by reinforceing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior: shaping (or the method of successive approximations)
the process by which a stimulus decreases the probability of the behavior that if follows: punishment
species-specific behavior patterns that interfere with operant conditioning: instinctive drift
learning that occorus without apparent reinforcement and in no demonstrated until sufficient reinforcement is provided: latent learning
the passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to aversive e vents that connot be avoided: learned helplessness
learning a behavior by observing and imitating the behavior or others (models): observational learning
a theory that contends that people learn social behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information: social learnign theory
the process by which one learns the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else: vicarious conditioning

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