PP
Terms
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- psychopathology
- : symptoms and signs of mental disorders.
- abnormal psych
- the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders.
- psychosis
- refers to several types of severe mental disorder in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality.
- syndrome
- group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder
- harmful dysfunction
- causes some harm to the person and if the condition results from the inability of some mental mechanism to perform its natural function.
- culture
- defined in terms of its values, beliefs and practices that are shared by a specific community or group of people.
- epidemology
- the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
- incidence
- refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time.
- prevalence
- refers to the total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time. (snapshot)
- comorbidity
- the presence of more than one condition within the same person.
- psycharity
- branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders
- clinical psych
- the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders.
- social work
- concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning.
- lobotomy
- sharp knife is inserted through a hole that was bored in the patient’s skull, severing nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes to the rest of the brain. Thought to reduce negative emotions during stress
- case study
- an in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person’ mental disturbance.
- null hypothesis
- the prediction that an experimental hypothesis is not true. Must assume it holds until it has been proven wrong.
- expiramentel hypothesis
- a new prediction made by an investigator to be tested in an experiment.
- paradigm
- set of shared assumptions that include both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory.
- biopsychosocial model
- view of the etiology of mental disorders which assumes that disorders can best be understood in terms of the interaction of biological, psychological and social systems.
- psychoanalysis theory
- paradigm for conceptualizing abnormal behavior. Highlights unconscious processes and conflicts as causing abnormal behavior and emphasizes psychoanalysis as the treatment of choice.
- id
- present at birth and houses biological drives, such as hunger, sex and aggression. Operates according to the pleasure principle.
- ego
- part of the personality that must deal with the realities of the world as it attempts to fulfill id impulse as well as perform other functions. Operates according to the reality principle.
- superego
- equivalent to the conscience. Contains standards of behavior, particularly rules that kids learn from trying to be like their parents.
- defense mechanism
- unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety-producing memories, emotions and impulses. Used by ego to resolve conflict of the id and superego
- classical conditioning
- learned through association.
- extinction
- occurs once a conditioned stimulus no longer is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- operant conditioning
- : learned behaviors is a function of its consequences. Specifically, behavior increases if it is rewarded and it decreases if it is punished.
- systems theory
- an approach to integrating evidence on different contributions to abnormal behavior. (biopsychosocial)
- reductionism
- focusing on smaller and smaller units, viewing the smallest possible unit as the true cause. Ie: brain chemistry is the cause of depression.
- equifinality
- the view that there are many routes to the same destination.
- multifiniality
- the same event can lead to different outcomes.
- Reciprocal causality
- causality works in both directions.
- diathesis
- predisposition toward developing a disorder.
- stress
- a difficult experience.
- risk factors
- events or circumstances that are correlated with an increase likelihood or risk of a disorder and potentially contribute to causing the disorder.
- dev. psych
- emphasizes that importance of developmental norms- age-graded averages- to determine what constitutes abnormal behavior.
- premorbid history
- a pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of the disorder.
- prognsis
- a predictable course for the future.
- neurons
-
billions of tiny nerve cells that form the basic building blocks of the
Brain. - synapse
- a small gap filled with fluid that separates the axon terminal from other cells.
- neurotransmitters
- a chemical substance that is found in vesicles.
- receptors
- receive neurotransmitters
- reuptake
- process that captures neurotransmitters in the synapse and returns the chemical substances to the axon terminal.
- limbic system
- links the higher mental processes of the forebrain with the midbrain and hindbrain.
- hypothalmus
- controls basic biological urges: eating drinking and sexual activity.
- cerebral hemispheres
- most of the forebrain is composed of these two hemispheres.
- lateralized
- : one hemisphere serves a specialized role. Ie: L= language R=right and wrong
- cerebral cortex
- uneven surface area of the brain that lies just underneath the skull. Divided into lobes.
- psychophysiology
- study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences.
- endocrine system
- collection of glands found at various locations throughout the body
- hormones
- chemical substances that affect the functioning of distant body systems.
- autonomic nervous system
- regulates the functions of various body organs
- genes
- units of DNA about heredity
- chronosomes
- chainlike structures found in the nucleus of cells
- beh genetics
- studies genetic influences on the evolution and development of normal and abnormal behaviors
- genotype
- individual’s actual genetic structure
- phenotype
- the expression of a given genotype that is observable.
- polygenic
- caused by more than one gene
- proband
- index cases (family members who have the same disorder)
- Monozygotic (MZ) twins
- identical twins (1 egg, 1 sperm)
- Dizygotic (DZ) twins
- fraternal times (2 eggs, 2 sperms)
- concordance rate
- agreements amongst Probands/twins
- shared environment
- the experiences the two twins share in common
- nonshared environment
- the experiences that are unique to one twin.
- evolutionary psych
- : application of the principles of evolution to our understanding of the animal and human mind.
- attachment
- special and selective bonds with their caregivers
- dominance
- the hierarchical ordering of a social group into more and less privileged members
- temperament
- characteristic styles of relating to the world. Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
- emotions
- internal feeling states
- modeling
- leaned through imitation
- attribution
- perceived causes, people’s beliefs about cause-effect relations
- self-control
- internal rules for guiding appropriate behavior
- developmental stages
- periods of time marked by age and/or social tasks during which children or adults face common social and emotional challenges
- social support
- the emotional and practical assistance received from others
- dualism
- view that the mind and body are separate
- Correlation coefficient
- indicates the strength of relations between two variables. Higher=stronger sign=direction of relationship
- reverse cauality
- indicates that the causation could be operating in the opp direction
- third variable
- : an unmeasured factor that may account for a correlation observed between any two variables
- gender roles
- expectations regarding the appropriate behavior of males or females
- psychotherapy
- use of psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive and beh change
- eclectic
- different treatments for different disorders
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
- deliberately inducing a seizure by passing electricity through the brain
- psychosurgery
- surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain
- Psychopharmacology
- the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disturbances
- psychotropic meds
- chemical substances that affect psychological state
- free association
- speak freely about whatever thoughts cross mind
- psychoanalysis
- uncovering the unconscious state of mind
- insight
- ultimate goal of psychoanalysis is to bring formerly unconscious material into conscious awareness
- interprentation
- main tool for promoting insight
- transference
- process whereby patients transfer their feelings about some key figure in their life onto the shadowy figure of the analyst
- psychodynamic psychotherapy
- less lengthy form of psychoanalysis
- cognative beh therapy
- teaching new ways of thinking, acting and feeling using different, research-based techniques
- behaviorism
- study of observable behavior
- Systematic desensitization
- technique for eliminating fears.
- independent variable
- variable controlled and carefully manipulated by the experimenter
- experimental group
- those who receive an active treatment
- control group
- those who do not receive an active treatment
- dependent variable
- the outcome that is hypothesized to vary according to manipulations.
- statistically significant
- only if it occurs by chance in fewer than 1 out of every 20 experiments
- aversion therapy
- sical condition to create, not eliminate an unpleasant response. Ie: pairs alcohol with nausea
- token economy
- desired and undesired behaviors are rewarded and punished by tangible desires.
- social skills training
- teach clients new ways of behaving that are both desired and likely to be rewarded in everyday life.
- cognative therapy
- developed to treat specifics
- rational emotion therapy (ret)
- used to persuade the client to adopt more realistic beliefs
- humanistic psychotherapy
- therapy as a way to help people to make their own life choices and resolve their own problems
- empathy
- emotional understanding
- theraputic alliance
- bond between therapist and client
- meta-analysis
- statistical procedure that allows researches to combine the results from different studies in a standardized way
- placebo effect
- powerful healing produced by apparently inert treatments.
- double-blind study
- neither the physician nor the patient knows whether the placebo is prescribed
- effiacy
- whether the treatment can work under prescribed circumstances
- effectiveness
- whether the treatment can work in the real world
- allegiance effect
- tendency for researches to find that their favorite treatment is the more effective
- couples therapy
- seeing intimae partners together in psychotherapy
- family therapy
- family member in a treatment designed to improve family life
- group therapy
- the treatment of three of more people in a group setting.
- primary prevention
- promote health not just treat illness
- secondary prevention
- early detection of emotion problems
- tertiary prevention
- intervention occurs after the illness has been identified
- experimental method
- powerful scientific method that allows researches to determined cause and effect
- assessment
- process of gathering information
- diagnosis
- the identification and recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristic symptoms
- classification system
- used to organized a set of objects
- caterogical approach to classification
- distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative. All or nothing
- Dimensional approach to classification:
- describes objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions: How much/kinda
- labeling theory
- perspective on mental disorders that is primarily concerned with the social context in which abnormal behavior occurs and the ways in which other people respond.
- stigma
- label that sets the person apart from others
- culture-bound syndromes
- patterns of unusual thinking and behavior that have been identified in diverse societies around the world
- kappa
- statistical index of reliability
- validity
- importance of a measurement
- Etiological validity
- concerned w/factors that contribute to the onset of a disorder
- concurrient validity
- concerned with the present time and with correlations between the disorder and other symptoms, circumstances and test procedures
- Predictive validity:
- concerned with the future and the stability of the problem over time
- beh coding system
- focuses on the frequency of specific behavioral events
- reactivity
- people may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed
- personal inventories
- consist of a series of straightforward statement/ true and false in relation to himself
- Actuarial interpretation:
- analyzing results of a test on the basis of an explicit set of rules that are derived from empirical research
- projective tests
- person is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli
- rating scale
- tool in which observer is asked to make judgments that place the person somewhere along a dimension
- reliablity
- consistency of measurements
- inclusion
- conditions that must be present for a positive diagnosis
- exclusion
- conditions that, if present, rule out positive diagnosis