Psych Test #2
Terms
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- Extended Family
- A social networkd of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and so on.
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world.
- Emotional Regulation
- The ability to control emotional sates and emotion-related behavior.
- Memory Strategies
- Learned methods for remembering information
- Inductive Logic
- A type of reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
- Inclusive Education
- General term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in regular classrooms
- At-Risk-For-Overweight
- A child whose BMI is between the 85th and 95th percentiles.
- Social-Cognitive Theory
- The theoretical perspective that asserts that socail and personality development in early childhood is related to improvements in the cognitve domain.
- Instrumental Aggression
- Aggression used to gain or damage an object.
- Processing Efficiency
- The ability for make efficient use of short-term memory capacity
- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- A mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks
- Excessive Weight Gain
- A pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their age and height.
- Gender
- The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex.
- Parenting Styles
- The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behavior.
- Analytical Style
- A tendency to focus on the details of a task
- Loneliness
- Feel desconnected psychologically. Cannot make a connection when you want to be with other people.
- Relational Style
- A tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the "big picture"
- Balanced Approach
- Reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
- Michelene Chi
- Studies of expert chess players can remember the placement of chess pieces more quickly and accurately than novice chess players
- Class Inclusion
- The understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes
- Spatial Cognition
- The ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space.
- Selective Attention
- The ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation.
- Prosocial Behavior
- Behavior inteded to help another person.
- Decentration
- Thinking that takes multiple variables into account.
- Asthma
- A chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty.
- BMI-for-age
- Comparison of an individual child's BMI against established norms for his or her age group and sex.
- Autoritarian Parenting Style
- A style of parenting that is low in nurturance and communication, but hight in control and maturity demands,
- Association Areas
- Parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked.
- Gender Constancy
- The understanding that gender is a component of the self that is not altered by external appearances (eg, and boy wearing a dress).
- Uninvolved Parenting Style
- A style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
- Learning Disability
- A disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps
- Spatial Perception
- The ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space.
- Dyslexia
- Problems in reading or the inability to read
- English-as-a-second-language (ESL) program
- An approach to secon-language education in which children attend English classes for part of the day and receive most of their academic instrucation in English
- Reversibility
- The understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed.
- Self-Esteem
- A global Evaluation of one's own worth
- Sex-Typed Behavior
- Differenct patterns of behavior exhibited by boys and girls.
- Empathy
- The ability to identify with another person's emotional state.
- Social Skills
- A set of behaviors that usually lead to being accepted as a play partner of friend by peers.
- Cross-Gender Behavior
- Behavior that is atypical for one's own sex by typical for the opposite sex (eg, tom-boy).
- Biligual Education
- An approach to second-language education in which children receive instruction in two different lanuages
- Self-Efficacy
- Belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task
- Deductive Logic
- A type of reasoning, based on hypotetical premises, that requires predictinga specific outcome from a general principle
- Gender Stability
- The understanding that gender is a stable, life-long characteristic.
- Automaticity
- The ability ro recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity.
- Aggression
- Behavior intended to harn another person or an object.
- Gender Identity
- The ability to correctly label oneself and others as male for female.
- Moral Relativism Stage
- The second of Piaget's stages of moral development, in which children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement
- Altruistic Behavior
- Nice behavior, not expecting anything in return.
- Inductive Discipline
- A discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behavior is wrong.
- Relative Right-Left Orientation
- The ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives.
- Psychological Self
- An understanding of one's stable, internal traits
- Person Perception
- The ability to classify others according to categories such as age, gender, and race.
- Executive Processes
- Information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems.
- Gender Schema Theory
- An information-processing approach to gender concept development that asserts that people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others.
- Permissive Parenting Style
- A style of parenting that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication,
- Trait
- Stable pattern of responding to situations.
- Authoritative Parenting Style
- A style of parenting that is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
- Moral Realism Stage
- The first of Piaget's stages of moral development, in which children believe rules are inflexible
- Overweight
- A child whose BMI is at the 95th percentile.
- Cross-race Effect
- Individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than different race.
- Reciprocal Determinism
- Bandura's model in which personal, behavioral, and enviornmental factors interact to influence personality development
- Hostile Aggression
- Aggression used to hurt another person or gain an advantage.