Psych 1001.002 Ch. 6 Learning and Reward
Terms
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- A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex.
- unconditioned response
- A cognitive model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected.
- Rescorla-Wagner model
- Thorndike's general theory of learning, which states that any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" is more likely to occur again and that those that lead to an "annoying state of affairs" are less likely to reoccur.
- law of effect
- Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs.
- primary reinforcers
- The strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated.
- long-term potentiation (LTP)
- The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement.
- partial-reinforcement extinction effect
- Neurons in the premotor cortex that are activated during observation of others performing an action.
- mirror neurons
- Regions in the brain that support ICSS
- Pleasure Centers
- A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.
- extinction
- A stimulus that occurs following a response that decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
- Punishment
- Occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
- stimulus generalization
- A learned tendency to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not.
- stimulus discrimination
- The increase in the probability of a behavior being repeated through the removal of an aversive stimulus.
- negative reinforcement
- Eric Kandel's work with the aplysia (a sea slug) has demonstrated what?
- that habituation and sensitization, simple forms of learning, are associated with changes in the function of the synapse.
- projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.
- mesolimbic dopamine system
- The decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of nonthreatening stimuli
- habituation
- imitation by an animal or human of a behavior that has been observed
- Modeling
- Law of Effect is:
- the theory stating that any behavior that leads to a positive outcome will be strengthed, whereas behaviors that lead to negative outcomes will be weakened
- Reigons of the brain that support intracrainal self-stimulation
- Pleasure Centers
- A reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary for reinforcement or interval responses does not vary
- fixed schedule
- rewarding of successive approximations of a desired behavior
- shaping
- A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of an experience
- learning
- learning that occurs in the absense of reinforcement
- latent learning
- occurs when we watch others perform a behavior and observe the consequences of that behavior.
- Vicarious learning
- Example of the removal of the chance to earn a food reward is intended to reduce the number of incorrect responses
- negative punishment
- therapist who developed the technique of systematic desensitization
- Joseph Wolpe
- leads to changes in the postsynaptic neuron making it more likely that the neuron will fire.
- Long-term potentiation
- may only temporarily inhibit an unwanted behavior is one reason why learning theorists suggest using rewards to reinforce desired behaviors is a better way to produce changes in behavior
- punishment
- The Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the association between the CS and US can be explained based on...
- the extent to which the US is unexpected
- Which of the following produces the strongest conditioning?
- presentation of the CS followed immediately by presentation of the US