Social Psychology Chapter 12
Terms
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- A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.
- Altruism
- the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's costs.
- Social-exchange theory
- What internal rewards do we seek for helping?
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-Reduction of guilt
-erase negative moods (except in anger and extreme guilt)
- Happy people are also more likely to help - Helping~ Friend dying of cancer (extreme guilt) story skewed to focus on the self or the friend. Those that felt extreme guilt were (more/less) likely to help.
- Less. exception to sad people will help.
- Research shoes People in bad moods and good moods help, how is this possible?
- Helping enhances good feelings. Those in a bad mood's feelings get better and those already in a good mood strengthen the mood.
- What are the effects of social norms on helping?
- We often help because we feel we "ought to" or better stated society suggests it is acceptable or even required for us to.
- An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
- reciprocity norm
- Effects of gender on helping norms
- Women are more likely to recieve help especially if they are percieved as incapable. Women are also more likely to seek help.
- What two theories of help are proven by evolutionary psych:
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Kin protection- the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
Reciprocity- organisms help eachother because they expect something in return. - What is the downfall of the reciprocity norm?
- if you are percieved to need help because of laziness or any other reason within your control, you are not deserving of help.
- When do people help (according to social- responsibility norm?
- when the person appears to really need it. Grocery shoppers will more often give an old women change for milk than cookie dough.
- 2 parted theory of why we help is beased on two assumptions.
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1.) egoistic distress- it disturbs us to see others in distress so we help.
2.) empathy-based altruism - Altruism debate
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Everyone agrees that some hepful acts are either obviously egoistic or even partially egoistic. Altruism?
it appears as though there is a true empathy and it is part of human nature. (biologically innate). - 5 stages to decision making model for helping
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1.) Noticing emergency
2.) Interpret as emergency
3.) Assume responsibility.
4.) Must know HOW TO help
5.) Must DECIDE TO help. - Smoke in test room study
- Participants more likely to notice an event and interpret as an emergency when alone. Among others less likely.
- Married vs stranger study
- physical fighe between man and women and women says "get away i dont know why i ever married you" or "get away from me i dont know you." stramger condition was helped alot more often.
- In order for someone to help an event must be considered an emergency. what is it called when we rely on others and see their disconcern as our own non-concern
- pleuralistic ignorance
- in testing the effects on groups in interpreting an emergency the results show pleuralistic ignorance, this is an example of what from ch. 6
- Informational influence and normative influence (you "dont want to embarass yourself by appearing flustered")
- Review on the bystander effect
- the presence of others inhibits helping especially if the emergency is AMBIGUOUS and the other bystanders are STRANGERS and CANNOT read one another's reactions.
- Helping when others do
- Prosocial models do promote altruism. More likely to help if youve seen others being helpful.
- time cosntraints and helping
- Those who "are in a hurry or late" are less likely to help.
- Similarity is conducive to liking and liking is conducive to helping. are we more likely to help those similar to ourselves?
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Yes even miniscule similarities.
Even races are more likely to help "their own". When norms are clear everyone helps everyone when ambiguous prejudicial helping occurs. - Personality traits predicting helpfullness
- For years nothing. Now there are a few. (network of traits that predisposes one to help, those high in self-monitoring are more likely if there are social rewards)
- gender and helping
- women are more likely to help in general. Men are mroe likely to help with something physical and especially women. Men also help when risky.
- Religous faith and helping
- religous individuals are slightly more likely to give help. More likely to give aid. more likely to be organizing some community charity.
- increasing help by reducing ambiguity, how?
- say "i saw him doing __________ and ADDING "its our responsibility we should do something.
- increasing responsiblity creates more help, how?
- Reducing annonimity makes a person more likely to help
- A strategy for gaining concession. After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers a more reasonable request.
- Door-in-the-face technique.
- learning about altruism
- makes people more likely to help.