AP Psych. - Modules 3-6
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- Describe the charge of the neuron during hte resting potential.
-
Positive Outside
Negative Inside - What is the reuptake?
- Sending neuron normally reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules
- What does acetylcholine enable?
- Muslce action, learning, and memory
- What can an undersupply of acetylcholine lead to?
- Alzheimer's dsease
- What is curare?
- Poison used on S. American darts that blocks ACh receptor sites
- How does botulin cause paralysis?
- Blocks ACh release
- What dopamine influence?
- Movement, learning, attention, and emotion
- What is excess dopaminie linked to?
- Schitzophrenia
- What does a lack of dopamine lead to?
- Tremors and decreased mobility associated with Parkinson's disease
- What does serotonin affect?
- Mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
- What is an undersupply of seratonin linked to?
- Depression
- What does norepinephrine help control?
- Alertness and arousal
- Can can an undersupply of norepinephrine lead to?
- Depressed mood
- What is GABA?
- Inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
- What is glutamate?
- Excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversuppply can overstimulate he brain, producing migraines or seizures
- What do agonist do?
- Excite by mimicing neurotransmitters
- What do antagonists do?
- Inhibit by blocking neurotransmitter receptor sites
- What are the two components of the peripheral nervous system?
- Somatic and autonomic
- What does the symphathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do?
- Arouses us for defensive action
- What does the parasympathetic division of hte autonomic nervous system do?
- Produces a calming effect
- What are neural networks?
- Interconnected neural cells
- What controls the pituitary gland?
- Hypothalamus
- What do the parathyroids control?
- Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
- What is hte oldest method of stuyding brain-mind connections?
- Clinical observation
- What is an electroencephalogram, (EEG)?
- An amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
- What is a CT, (computed tomography), scan?
- Examines the brain by taking a series of x-ray phoographs from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; can reveal brain damage
- What is a PET, (positron emission tomography), scan?
- Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of glucose
- What is an MRI, (magnetic resonance imaging)?
- Uses magnetic fields and raido waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues; allows us to see structures within the brain
- What is a functional MRI?
- Reveals when things happen, how the brain areas chhange with experience, and what brain areas work together; for example, detects blood rushing to the back fo the brain,w hich processes visual information;
- What type of scan shows that different brain areas light up when people silently say the name of an animal than when they say that of a tool?
- PET scan
- What type of scan reveals larger-than-average neural areas in the left brain of musicians who display perfect pitch?
- MRI scans
- What type of scan reveals that second languages are represented in the same are aas the first if learned early and in differeing areas if learned late?
- MRI scan
- What type of scan reveals that during a rhyming task, men's brains have a distinctively active left brain area, whereas women's brains are active on both sides
- Functional MRI
- What does the medulla control?
- Heartbeat and breathing
- What is the reticular formation?
- Nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
- What transmits information to the reticular formation?
- Thalamus
- What does the thalams control?
- Coordinates the brain's electrical oscillations, which slow during sleep and speed up to produce waking consciousness; sensory "relay station"
- Describe the cerebellum.
- "little brain;" enables one type of nonverbal learning and memory; coordinates voluntary movement
- Does our brain process most information inside or outside our awareness?
- Outside
- What is the limbic system?
- Donut-shaped system of neural structures at te border of the brain stem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, such as fear and aggression and drives those for food and sex; includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
- What organs belong to the limbic system?
- Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
- What does the hippocampus do?
- Essential to memory processing
- What does the amygdala influence?
- Aggression and fear
- What does the hypothalamus influence?
- Hunger, thirs, body temperature, and sexual behavior; monitors blood chemistry and takes order from other parts of the brain; provides a pleasurable reward, (reward center)
- What part of the brain serves as a reward center?
- Hypothalamus
- What is one theory on addictive disorders?
- Addictive disorders stem from a reward deficiency syndrome - a genetically disposed defficiency in the natural brain systems for pleasure that leads peopel to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure to relieve negative feelings
- Describe the frontal lobes.
- Involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments
- What lobes are involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments?
- Front lobes
- Describe the pareital lobes.
- Includes sensory cortex
- What lobes include the sensory cortex?
- Pareital lobes
- Describe the temporal lobes.
- Receives auditory information
- Describe the motor cortex.
- Located in back of frontal lobe; controls opposite side of the body
- Where is the motor cortex located?
- In back of the frontal lobe
- Describe Broca's area.
- Controls language expression, (area in frontal lobe in the left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech)
- Where is Broca's area loctaed
- Frontal lobe in the left hemisphere
- Describe Wernicke's area.
- Controls language reception; usually in left temporal lobe
- Where is Wernicke's area located?
- Left temporal lobe
- Describe the angular gyrus?
- Transforms visual representations into an auditory code
- Describe the 5 steps of cognition whne you read aloud.
- 1. Register in visual area; 2. relayed to angular gyrus; 3. received and understood in Wernicke's area; 4. sent to Broca's area, which 5. controls motor cortex as it creates the pronounced word
- Describe what happens when split brain patients are shown the word HE-ART.
- ART appears in the left visula field an dART in their right field; said they saw ART and pointed to HE
- When a picture of a spoon is flashed in the right hemisphere of a split-brained pateitn, how did they respond?
- Patients could not say what they had seend, but when asked to identify what they had viewed yb feelin an assortment of hiddne objects iwth their left hand, they selected the spoon
- Describe the cognitive interaction in split-brain patients.
- Left hemisphere is talking, bewildered by what the nonverbal right hemisphere knows; it is as if an order sent to the right hemisphere as "walk" is interpreted by theh left hemisphere as a ready explanation, "I'm going into the house to get a Coke," so conscious left hemisphere is an interpreter and instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior
- What percent of people are right-handed?
- 90%
- What fraction of left-handers process speech in the left hemisphere?
- 1/4
- How many nucleotides "letters" are on the smallest chromosome, (Y)?
- 50 million
- How many nucleotide "letters" are on the largest chromosome?
- 250 million
- What are gene complexes?
- Many genes acting in concert
- Is the average difference between individuals of the same culture greater or less than that between the two different cultures holistically?
- Greater
- Do cultures with gender equality have larger or smaller differences in gender preferences and mating?
- Smaller
- Is religion influenced by parenting?
- Yes
- What is temperament?
- Person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
- Define heritability.
- The proportion of variation among individuals that we can atrribute to genes
- If the heritability of intelligence is 50%, does that mean that your intelligence is 50% genetic?
- No, it means that we can attribute to genetic influence 50% of the observed variation among people; refers to the extent to which difference among people are attributed to genes
- As environments become more similar, does heredity as a source of differences become more important or less important?
- More important
- How does parenting influence a child?
- Accounts for less than 10% of a child's personality, but more for beliefs and values
- What are norms?
- Rules for accepted and expected behavior
- What are memes?
- Self-replicating cultural mutations; memes may be true or uplifint, (arithmetic, Bach's mucsic), neutral, new pronunciations), or false, (alien abduction reports)
- What is the social-learning theory?
- Rewards and punishments and observation and imitation of models leads to gender-typed behavior
- What is the gender schema theory?
- cultural learning of gender --- gender schema, (looking at self and world through a gender "lens" -- gender-organized thinking and gender-typed behavior
- What does gender schema mean?
- Looking at self and world through a gender "lens"