psych chapter 7
Terms
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- Concept
- A mental grouping of persons, ideas, events, or objects that share common properties
- Prototype
- A "typical" member of a category, one that has most of the defining features of that category
- Image
- A mental representation of visual information
- Mental Models
- Intutive theories about the way things work
- Trial and Error
- A problem solving strategy in which several solutions are attempted until one is found that works.
- Algorithm
- A systematic, step-by-step problem-solving strategy that is guaranteed to produce a solution
- Heuristic
- A rule of thumb that allows one to make judgements that are quick but often in error
- means-end analysis
- A problem solving heuristic that involves braking down a larger problem into a series of subgoals
- Analogy
- A problem-solving heuristic that involves using an old solution as a model for a new, similiar problem
- insight
- A form of problem solving in which the solution seems to pop to mind all of a sudden
- Function fixedness
- The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions, a limitation that disrupts problem solving
- Mental set
- The tendency to return a problem-solving strategy that worked in the past
- Confirmation bias
- The inclination to search only for evidence that will verify one's own beliefs
- Belief perseverance
- The tendency to cling to cling beliefs even after they have been discredited
- Syllogism
- A logical problem in which the goal is to determine the validity of a concusion given two or more premises
- Representative heuristic
- A tendency to estimate the likelyhood of an event in terms of how typical it seems
- illusion of control
- The tendency for people to believe that they can control chance events that mimic skill situations
- Availablity heuristic
- A tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of how easity instances of it can be recalled
- Anchoring effect
- The tendency to use an initial value as an "anchor," or reference point, in making a new numerical estimate
- Framing effect
- The biasing effects on decision making of the way in which a choice is worded or "framed"
- Language
- A form of communication consisting of sounds, words, meanings, and rules for their combination
- Semanticity
- The property of a language that accounts for the communication of a meaning
- Phonemes
- The basic, distinct sounds of a spoken language
- Morphemes
- In language, the smallest units that carry meaning (eg, prefixes, root words, suffixes)
- Phrase
- A group of words that act as a unit to convey meaning. Phrases are formed from combinations of morphemes
- Sentence
- An organized sequences of words that expresses a thought, a statement of fact, a proposition, an intention, a request, or a question.
- Generativity
- The property of a language that accounts for the capacity to use a limited number of words to produce an infinite variety of expressions
- Syntax
- Rules of grammer that govern the arrangement of words in a sentence
- Displacement
- The property of language that accounts for the capacity to communicate about matters that are not in the here-and-now
- Babbling
- Spontaneous vocalizations of basic speech sounds, which infants begin at about four months of age