Kowalski Psychology: Entire Book
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- What is the localization of function?
- The extent to which different parts of the brain control different aspects of functioning.
- What is Broca's Area?
- The section of the brain that is involved in speech production.
- What is Wernicke's Area?
- The section of the brain that is involved in language comprehension.
- Who was William Wundt?
- The "Father of Psychology" who founded the first psych lab. He pioneered introspection, which is the process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience.
- Who was William James?
- The bastard who wrote the first psychology textbook. Believed that knowledge comes from many sources, not just introspection and experimentation but also the study of the mentally ill.
- Who was Thomas Kuhn?
- Decided that science does not progress through the accumulation fo facts, but through getting better paradigms.
- What is the Psychodynamic Perspective?
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METAPHOR: Awareness is like an iceberg. We are only aware of a tiny piece.
METHODS: seeks to understand meaning.
DATA: case studies, where the therapist seeks understanding of the thoughts and feelings of the clients. - What is the Behaviorist Perspective?
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METAPHOR: humans and animals are mechanistic.
METHODS: experimental method to find relations between behavior and stimuli.
DATA: Quantitative empiracal data analysis that can be replicated. - What is the Cognitive Behaviorist Perspective?
- METAPHOR: mind is like a computer; there's input, and output, and we speculate on how programs govern thought.
- What is the Evolutionary Perspective?
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METAPHOR: Humans are like runners in a race, competing for resources.
METHODS: deductive reasoning
DATA: we often start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on evolutionary principle. - What are the four characteristics of good psychological research?
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1) Theoretical Framwork: it falls within the theory, and a systematic way of organizing and explaining observation.
2) Standardized procedures: it exposes the participants in a study to similar procedures, which will be the same except when the variation is introduced.
3) Generalizability: research takes representative samples from population, and experiment has internal and external validity.
4) Objective Measurement: a measure is a concrete way of assessing a variable and they must be reliable and valid. - What are the three techniques to determine reliability?
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1) Test-Retest Reliability: does the test give similar values if the same subject takes it two or more times?
2) Internal Consistency: different items that measure the same variable should produce similar answers.
3) Inter-Rater Reliability: two testers that rate the same person on the same variable should give similar ratings to the subject. - What are the three types of validity?
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1) Face Validity: whether or not the measure appears, on face, as though it measures what it's supposed to.
2) Construct Validity: degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess.
3) Criterion Validity: the degree to which a measure allows a researcher to distinguish among groups on the basis of certain behavior or responses. - What are the three types of descriptive research?
- Descriptive research seeks to describe phenomena as they exist rather than to manipulate the variables. Its three types are case study, naturalistic observation, and survey research.
- What are descriptive statistics?
- measurements of subject responses are summarize through descriptive statistics.