Life Science Final
Terms
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- habitat
- collection of enviornmental conditions in a place
- community
- all species living/interacting in one place
- niche
- unique role in community
- ecosystem
- community + enviornment
- biome
- related ecosystems grouped together
- chaparral
-
- rainy winters
- dry summers
- small evergreen shrubs
- w. side of land masses
- santa barbara, chile, etc. - parasitism
- 1 organism gains, 1 is harmed
- predation
- 1 organism gains, 1 is harmed
- mututalism
- both organisms gain
- commensalism
- 1 organism gains, 1 is unaffected
- competition
- both organisms are harmed
- biodiversity
-
-#/variance of identified species
-exact amount unknown
(5-30 mill. species unidentified) - biosphere
- land, water, atmosphere, living organisms
- land
- rocks, soil
- water
- is everywhere - water vapor, oceans, rivers, lakes, evaporation, precipitation
- atmosphere
-
gases: nitrogen + oxygen = 99%
other: 1% - living organisms
- insects, animals, plants, fugus, protists, bacteria, etc.
- insects
- 50% of identified organisms
- animals
- 20% of identified organisms
- plants
- 20% of identified organisms
- fungus, protists, bacteria, etc.
- 10% of identified species
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
-
-brain/spinal cord
-recieves info from PNS
-sends commands to rest of body - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-
-everything outside of CNS
-ex. nerves, sensory organs
-collects info. and sends it to the CNS - tract
-
-CNS
-bundle of axons - nuclei
-
-CNS
-bundle of cell bodies - nerve
-
-PNS
-bundle of axons - ganglion
-
-PNS
-bundle of cell bodies - neuron
- -responsible for processing/carrying of info.
- dendrites
- recieve chemical messages
- axon
- covered by myelin
- myelin
- fatty insulation
- glia
-
-support/protect neurons
-outnumber neurons 3:1 - blood-brain barrier (bbb)
- unique property of veins in nervous system that keeps blood from leaking in brain
- sensory neurons
-
-collect information
-specialized to one modality - photo receptor
-
-rods/cones
-respond to light intensity/wavelength
-specialized to light - action potential - rod
-
-senses light intensity
-activated in dim light
-doesn't distinguish colors - cone
-
-senses light wavelength
-specialized to colors - colorblind
- missing a cone
- hair cell
-
-specialized to sound waves
-detect vibrations in cochlea
-membrane vibrates and moves bones in inner ear, vibrates 2nd membrane, causes vibrations in fluid, moves hair cells
-action potential is reached when "hairs" vibrate - cochlea
- spiral canal in inner ear filled with fluid
- sensory cells
-
-specialized to smell/taste
-taste buds/olfactory receptors - taste buds
-
-detect sweet/salty/bitter/sour
-presence of chemicals = action potential - olfactory receptors
-
-specialized to scent
-presence of chemicals = action potential - naked nerve endings
-
-specialized to pain
-sense secreted molecule
-detect pressure - molecules secreted
-
-secreted from stressed or damaged cells
-travel to nerve endings
= action potential - detect pressure
- pressure on nerve endings = action potential
- sensory detectors
-
-sense muscle length/tension
-pressure = action potential - forebrain
- higher learning, memory, vision, hearing, sensations from skin, etc.
- midbrain
- positive reenforcement sensory area
- hindbrain
- coordination, balance, involuntary movements, etc.
- learning
- change in behavior/knowledge based on experience
- declaritive learning
-
-can be verbalized
-people, places, things, concepts
-requires hippocampus - procedural learning
-
-learning how to do things
-linked to behavior
-doesn't require hippocampus
-response to simple stimuli (habituation and sensitization) - habituation
- stops responding to repeated harmless stimuli (i.e. clock ticking, wearing clothes)
- sensitization
- harmful stimuli cause intensified response to less severe but related stimuli (i.e. fear of dogs)
- short term memory
- seconds/minutes
- long term memory
- days/years
- forgetting
-
-active
-brain decides what is important, what isn't
-frees up space - exocytosis
- vesicles fuse w/ plasma of synaptic terminal and release transmitters into space between cells
- pathogens
-
-organisms that cause disease inside body
-ex. virus, protist, fungus, bacteria, self-replicating proteins
-enter and kill host cells
-prevent healthy tissue function
-make toxins - immune system
-
-fight infection/cancer
-recognizes self/non-self
-heals wounds
-comprised of white blood cells - white blood cells
-
-derived of bone marrow
-travel in blood/lymph vessels - innate immune system
-
-born w/ it
-respond 1st to infection
-cells engulf bacteria, migrate up lymph vessel to lymph node, present bacteria and activate specific immunity - specific immune system
-
-developed after birth
-uses lymphocytes to kill and neutralize pathogens and toxins - lymphocytes
- t-cells, b-cells
- b-cell
-
-receptor binds directly to pathogen
-create antibodies - antibodies
-
-coat bacteria, pathogens, etc.
-kill/neutralize - t-cell
-
-relies on other cells to present bacteria instead of binding directly
-cause cells to apotose
-coordinate other immune cells - memory cells
-
-specific b/t cells in blood stream
-more easily activated
-ex. chicken pox - vaccine
- creates memory cells