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Beginning Old English

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Terms

undefined, object
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Give the case, number, gender, and grammatical type for:

sē
Nominative, singular, masculine, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender, and grammatical type for:

sēo
Nominative, singular, feminine, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender, and grammatical type for:

ƥæt
Nominative OR accusative, singular, neuter, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender, and grammatical type for:

ƥā
Nominative, singular, feminine definite article

OR

Nominative OR Accusative plural definite article

OR

Adverb, meaning "when/then".
Give the case, number, gender, and grammatical type for:

ƥone
Accusative, singular, masculine, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender and grammatical type for:

ƥǣs
Genitive, singular, masculine OR neuter definite article.
Give the case, number, gender and grammatical type for:

ƥǣre
Genitive OR Datitive, singular, feminine, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender and grammatical type for:

ƥāra/ƥǣra
Genitive, plural, definite article.
Give the case, number, gender and grammatical type for:

ƥǣm/ƥām
Dative, singular, masculine OR neuter definite article

OR

Dative, plural definite article
Give the case, number, gender and grammatical type for:

ƥy/ƥon
Instrumental, singular, masculine OR neuter, definite article
Define and conjugate "bēon" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to be"

iċ bēo (I am)
ƥū bist (you are)
ġit bēoƥ (you two are)
hē/hēo/hit biƥ (he/she/it is)
wē bēoƥ (we are)
wit bēoƥ
ġē bēoƥ (you are, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo bēoƥ (they are)
What is the singular and plural imperative form of "bēon"?
bēo (sg)
bēoƥ (pl)
Define and conjugate "weson" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to be"

iċ eom (I am)
ƥū eart (you are)
Ä¡it sindon/sind (you two are)
hē/hēo/hit is (he/she/it is)
wē sindon/sind (we are)
wit sindon/sind (we two are)
Ä¡Ä“ sindon/sind (you are, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo sindon/sind (they are)
What is the singular and plural imperative form of "wesan"?
wes (sg)
wesaƥ (pl)
Define and conjugate "weson" in the past indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to be"

iċ wæs (I was)
ƥū wǣre (you were, sg.)
ġit wǣre (you two were)
hē/hēo/hit wǣs (he/she/it is)
wē wǣre (we were)
wit wǣre (we two were)
ġē wǣre (you were, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo wǣre (they were)
Define and conjugate "dōn" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to do"

iċ dō (I do)
ƥū dēst (you do, sg.)
ġit dōƥ (you two do)
hē/hēo/hit dēƥ (he/she/it does)
wē dōƥ (we do)
wit dōƥ (we two do)
ġē dōƥ (you do, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo dōƥ (they do)
What are the singular and plural imperative forms of "dōn"?
dō (sg)
dōƥ (pl)
Define and conjugate "dōn" in the past/imperfect indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to do"

iċ dyde (I did)
ƥū dydest (you did, sg.)
Ä¡it dydon (you two did)
hē/hēo/hit dyde (he/she/it did)
wē dydon (we did)
wit dydon (we two did)
Ä¡Ä“ dydon (you did, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo dydon (they did)
Define and conjugate "gān" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronoun.
"to go"

iċ gā (I go)
ƥū gǣst (you go, sg.)
ġit gāƥ (you two go)
hē/hēo/hit gǣƥ (he/she/it goes)
wē gāƥ (we go)
wit gāƥ (we two go)
ġē gāƥ (you go, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo gāƥ (they go)
Define and conjugate "gān" in the past/imperfect indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to go"

iċ ēode (I went)
ƥū ēodest (you went, sg.)
Ä¡it Ä“oden (you two went)
hē/hēo/hit ēode (he/she/it went)
wē ēoden (we went)
wit Ä“oden (we two went)
Ä¡Ä“ Ä“oden (you went, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo ēoden (they went)
What are the imperative singular and plural forms of "gān"?
gā (sg)
gāƥ (pl)
Define and conjugate "willan" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to want/desire"

iċ wil(l)e (I want)
ƥū wilt (you want, sg.)
ġit willaƥ (you two want)
hē/hēo/hit wil(l)e (he/she/it wants)
wē willaƥ (we want)
wit willaƥ (we two want)
ġē willaƥ (you want, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo willaƥ (they want)
Define and conjugate "willan" in the past/imperfect indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to want/desire"

iċ wolde (I wanted)
ƥū woldest (you wanted, sg.)
Ä¡it woldon (you two wanted)
hē/hēo/hit wolde (he/she/it wanted)
wē woldon (we wanted)
wit woldon (we two wanted)
Ä¡Ä“ woldon (you wanted, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo woldon (they wanted)
What are the imperative singular and plural forms of "willan"?
There are no imperative forms of "willan".
Define and conjugate "nyllan" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to not want/desire"

iċ nyl(l)e (I do not want)
ƥū nylt (you do not want, sg.)
ġit nyllaƥ (you two do not want)
hē/hēo/hit nyl(l)e (he/she/it does not want)
wē nyllaƥ (we do not want)
wit nyllaƥ (we two do not want)
ġē nyllaƥ (you do not want, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo nyllaƥ (they do not want)
Define and conjugate "nyllan" in the past/imperfect indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to not want/desire"

iċ nolde (I did not want)
ƥū noldest (you did not want, sg.)
Ä¡it noldon (you two did not want)
hē/hēo/hit nolde (he/she/it did not want)
wē noldon (we did not want)
wit noldon (we two did not want)
Ä¡Ä“ noldon (you did not want, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo noldon (they did not want)
Define and conjugate "habban" in the present indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to have"

iċ hæbbe (I have)
ƥū hafast/hæfst (you have, sg.)
ġit habbaƥ (you two have)
hē/hēo/hit hafaƥ/hæfƥ (he/she/it has)
wē habbaƥ (we have)
wit habbaƥ (we two have)
ġē habbaƥ (you have, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo habbaƥ (they have)
Define and conjugate "habban" in the past/imperfect indicative using the appropriate pronouns.
"to have"

iċ hæfde (I had)
ƥū hæfdest (you had, sg.)
ġit hæfdon (you two had)
hē/hēo/hit hæfde (he/she/it had)
wē hæfdon (we had)
wit hæfdon (we two had)
ġē hæfdon (you had, pl.)
hīe/hī/hy/hēo hæfdon (they had)
What are the imperative singular and plural forms of "habban"?
hafa (sg)
habbaƥ (pl)
What is a long-stemmed noun?
A noun which has as its stem either a long vowel followed by a single consonant, OR a short vowel followed by two consonants.
What is a short stemmed noun?
A noun which has a short vowel followed by a single consonant.
Which inflexions in which cases and genders drop away from long stemmed nouns?
The -u inflexion drops away from the feminine singular nominative case, AND from the neuter singular nominative and accusative cases.
What are the front vowel sounds?
[i] - feet
[I] - fit
[e] - fate
[É›] - fetch
[æ] - fat
What are the front-middle vowel sounds?
[ü] - FR. ruse
[ÊŠ] - FR. rue
[É™] - sofa
What are the back vowel sounds?
[u] - fool
[ü] - full
[o] - foe
[É”] - awe
[a] - father
What is a "stop" when refering to consonant sounds?
Consonant sounds in which the breath stream is momentarily stopped, then released.
Which "stopped" consonants are voiced, and which are voiceless?
Voiced: b, d, g

Voiceless: p, t, k/c
What is a fricative, when refering to consonant sounds?
The speaker makes a narrow opening through which the breath is forced, causing friction in the process.
Which fricative consonants are voiced, and which are voiceless?
Voiced: v, th (either), z, zh (vision)

Voiceless: f, th (bath, thin), s, sh, h
What is an affricative, when refering to consonant sounds?
A combination of sounds in which the first sound is a stop and the second is a fricative.
Which affricative consonants are voiced, and which are voiceless?
Voiced: j/g (gym, jam)

Voiceless: ch (church, chin)
What is a liquid, when refering to consonant sounds?
A frictionless sound that flows around the tongue and presses against the alveolo-palatal area.
Which liquid consonants are voiced, and which are voiceless?
Voiced: l (love, look, level), r (ring, error).

No voiceless liquids.
What are semivowels when refering to consonant sounds?
Represents two sounds: "w" as in weather and the [y] as in yes. Both are voiced.
What are nasals when refering to consonant sounds?
The velum lowers to allow the breath stream to pass through the nasal cavity as well as through the oral cavity.
What are the three nasal consonant sounds?
m, n, and ng (sing).
When is "f" voiced in Old English, and what is the voiced sound?
Voiced: when it appears between two vowels. The "f" becomes a "v".
When is "g" pronounced as a "y" in Old English?
When it appears next to or between two front vowels.
When is "g" pronounced [ɣ]?
When it appears between back vowels, it is a voiced velar fricative.
When is "h" pronouned [ç] (as in nicht)?
Medial sound after front vowels, but not between vowels.
When is "h" pronouned [x] (as in loch)?
After a back vowel or consonant
When is "s" voiced in Old English, and what is that sound?
Voiced: between vowels, or between a vowel and a voiced consonant. (z as in liaison)
When is "ƥ" voiced in Old English, and what is that sound?
Voiced: between vowels, or between a vowel and a voiced consonant. (TH as in either)
List the masculine definite articles by case.
Nom. = se
Acc. = ƥone
Gen. = ƥæs
Dat. = ƥǣm/ƥām
Ins. = ƥy/ƥon
List the feminine definite articles by case.
Nom. = seo
Acc. = ƥā
Gen. = ƥǣre
Dat. = ƥǣre
Ins. = ---
List the neuter definite articles by case.
Nom. = ƥæt
Acc. = ƥæt
Gen. = ƥæs
Dat. = ƥǣm/ƥām
Ins. = ƥy/ƥon
List the plural definite articles by case.
Nom. = ƥā
Acc. = ƥā
Gen. = ƥāra/ƥǣra
Dat. = ƥǣm/ƥām
Ins. = ---
List the masculine demonstrative pronouns (this/these) by case:
Nom. = ƥes
Acc. = ƥisne
Gen. = ƥisses
Dat. = ƥissum
Ins. = ƥys
List the feminine demonstrative pronouns (this/these) by case.
Nom. = ƥēos
Acc. = ƥās
Gen. = ƥisse
Dat. = ƥisre
Ins. = ---
List the neuter demonstrative pronouns (this/these) by case:
Nom. = ƥis
Acc. = ƥis
Gen. = ƥisses
Dat. = ƥissum
Ins. = ƥys
List the plural demonstrative pronouns (this/these) by case:
Nom. = ƥās
Acc. = ƥās
Gen. = ƥisra
Dat. = ƥissum
Ins. = ---
List all the nominative case definite articles.
masculine: se
feminine: sēo
neuter: ƥæt
plural: ƥā
List all the accusative case definite articles.
masculine: ƥone
feminine: ƥā
neuter: ƥæt
plural: ƥā
List all the genitive definite articles.
masculine: ƥæs
feminine: ƥæs
neuter: ƥǣre
plural: ƥāra/ƥǣra
List all the dative definite articles.
masculine: ƥām/ƥǣm
feminine: ƥām/ƥǣm
neuter: ƥǣre
plural: ƥām/ƥǣm
List all the instrumental definite articles.
masculine: ƥy/ƥon
neuter: ƥy/ƥon
List all of the nominative demonstrative articles (this/these).
masculine: ƥes
feminine: ƥis
neuter: ƥēos
plural: ƥās
List all of the accusative demonstrative articles (this/these).
masculine: ƥisne
feminine: ƥis
neuter: ƥās
plural: ƥās
List all of the genitive demonstrative articles (this/these).
masculine: ƥisses
feminine: ƥisse/ƥisre
neuter: ƥisses
plural: ƥisra
List all of the dative demonstrative articles (this/these).
masculine: ƥissum
feminine: ƥisse/ƥisre
neuter: ƥissum
plural: ƥissum
List all of the instrumental demonstrative articles (this/these).
masculine: ƥys
neuter: ƥys
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