Chs. 1-3 Biology
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- What is a neutron?
- an electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
- What exposes relatedness of organisms?
- Common structure (consier whole systems, not just individiuals)
- What is a central unifying theme?
- Evolution is a central unifying theme.
- What is descent with modification?
- Multiple species coming from one common ancestor. (diversification) More species emerge through time.
- What are the two types of stem cells?
- 1. embryonic stem cells (cause the controversy, are infinitely variable since they haven't developed into anything yet) 2. adult stem cells (are not infinitely variable)
- If the structure of two things are alike...
- it implies their function will be the same, too.
- Difference between homologous and analygous?
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Homologous: Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Analygous: structures similar, but internal origin isn't necessarily the same. - Talk about Bacteria.
- prokaryotes loaded with ribosomes. aeroboic: live with oxygen.
- Talk about Eucarya
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the problem was, cells with walls couldn't digest other cells. walless need separate places to digest. SO.
to protect the DNA, an envelope was built around it --> NUCLEUS! - Molecules... funfunfun!
- They are all based on Carbon.
- To identify monosaccharides, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the monosaccharide.
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1 Benedict's
2 It changes from translucent blue to orange, then to a milky deep red when heated. - To identify polysaccharides, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the polysaccharide.
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1 Lugol's iodine test
2 The solution changes to a deep blue-black instantaneously without heat - To identify lipids, you use 1_______. 2______ when put with the lipid.
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1 Sudan III/IV
2 The meniscus changes to a deeper red than the rest of the test tube. - To identify proteins, you use 1_______. 2_______ when put with the protein.
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1 Biuret (dark blue)
2 Pink/violet color - Instead of the known sample, ___ was used in the lab.
- Distilled water
- The number of protons in an uncharged atom...
- equals the number of electrons.
- The word "organic" means
- carbon containing.
- How does dehydration synthesis work?
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AKA condensation
H- and OH- form a covalent bond --> H20. In humans, it's found in the digestive tract. - There are__ elements
- 92
- Compounds...
- contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio to each other
- Isotopes of an element will always differ in ___.
- atomic mass number.
- What is hydrolysis?
- The opposite of dehydration synthesis (regain lost monomers)
- Hydrophilic...
- "water-loving." soluble in H2o, which is important for living things (otherwise we would melt when it rains). Cytosol.
- Hydrophobic...
- Membranes are hydrophobic (not water-soluble).
- hydroxyl
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OH-
alcohols. - carbonyl
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CO-
aldehydes, ketones - carboxyl
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COOH-
carboxylic acids - amino
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NH2-
amines (amino acids build protein) - How many amino acids make up proteins?
- 20
- DNA from ___ nucleotide types?
- 4
- How are carbohydrates made?
- by hooking together monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
- What do carbs contain chemically?
- C, H, O... usually multiples of CH20 (glucose: C6H12O6)
- Carbons can be arranged in
- chains or rings
- What is a disaccharide?
- Two monomers covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis. (glucose + glucose= maltose)
- Cellulose is a
- monosaccharide
- Which of the following is a “macromolecule�
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a. glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Glycogen
d. Glycerol - The monomers of macromolecules are connected to one another by
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a. ionic bonds
b. hydrogen bonds
c. covalent bonds
d. more than one of the above - Polymers are synthesized from monomers by the process of
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a. Hydrolysis
b. Dehydration synthesis
c. Digestion
d. Both b and c - The breakdown of starch into its subunits, involving the enzyme salivary amylase, is an example of
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a. Hydrolysis
b. Dehydration synthesis
c. Digestion
d. Both a and c - The bonding of glucose to fructose to form sucrose is accompanies by
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a. the additon of water
b. formation of hydrogen bonds
c. removal of water (H, OH)
d. loss of carbon dioxide - This molecule is most likely a
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a. Protein
b. Fat
c. Polysaccharide
d. Simple sugar - Amino acids are to proteins as _______ are to starches
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a. Glucose molecules
b. Nucleotides
c. Fatty acids
d. Glycerol molscules - Nucleotides contain
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a. Glycerol
b. Pentoses
c. Sulfur
d. Glucose molecules - An example of a polymer of nucleotides is
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a. any polypeptide
b. protein
c. cellulose
d. RNA - Biological catalysts are examples of
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a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids - Which of the following is/are not true of enzymes?
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a. They are proteins
b. They are sensitive to environmental change
c. Their 3-dimensional shapes are not related to their functions
d. More than one - “Electrons lost or gained†best describes _____ bonding.
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a. Hydrogen
b. Covalent
c. Ionic
d. Both a and c - A bond that results from the sharing of electrons is said to be
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a. ionic
b. hydrogen
c. covalent
d. none of these - The number of water molecules necessary to hydrolyze a triglyceride is
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a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3 - Weak bonds that result from the attractions of water molecules for one another are _______ bonds.
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20. Weak bonds that result from the attractions of water molecules for one another are _______ bonds.
a. ionic
b. hydrogen
c. covalent
d. none of these - Hydrogen bonds are important in proteins because they
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a. make peptide bonding possible
b. determine primary protein structure
c. are important in determining 3- dimensional shape
d. are stronger than covalent bonds - Both DNA and RNA are made of monomers called
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a. nucleotides
b. nitrogenous bases
c. pentoses
d. phosphates - The “folding†of a protein is also known as its ___ structure.
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a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary - A, T, G, and C are abbreviations for the names of
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a. nucleotides
b. nitrogenous bases
c. pentoses
d. phosphates - Steroids are examples of a kind of
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25. Steroids are examples of a kind of
a. carbohydrate
b. protein
c. nucleic acid
d. lipid - A deep blue-black color produced during a lugol’s test indicates the presence of
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26. A deep blue-black color produced during a lugol’s test indicates the presence of
a. monosaccharide
b. polysaccharide
c. protein
d. DNA - A molecular building block of complex steroids which is also a steroid in its own right is
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a. cholesterol
b. triglyceride
c. phospholipid
d. insulin - Reddish droplets are indicative of a positive _____ test for ______.
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a. Benedict’s fat test
b. biuret, protein
c. Iodine, polysaccharide
d. sudan IV, lipid - A feature of saturated fats is
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a. liquid at room temperature
b. solid at room temperature
c. soluble in water
d. hydrophilic - RNA differs from DNA in that
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a. uracil replaces thymine
b. it consists of a single chain instead of a double helix
c. it contains deoxyribose instead of ribose
d. both a and b - Heating is required for which analytical test used in the lab?
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a. Benedict’s
b. Lugol’s
c. Biuret
d. Sudan IV - An unknown that produced a purple color with the addition of Biuret reagent contains a
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a. polysaccharide
b. protein
c. lipid
d. nucleic acid - The process of digestion consists of the type of reaction generally known as
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a. dehydration synthesis
b. condensation
c. hydrolysis
d. anabolic - “Quaternary struture†applies to
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a. the sequence of amino acids
b. multiple chain proteins
c. enzymes only
d. covalent bond formation - The central unifying theme of modern biology is
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a. biochemistry
b. evolution
c. physiology
d. metabolism - The most commonly used classification system includes _____ kingdoms.
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a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5 - An assumption of modern biology is that commonality of structures mirrors _______.
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a. relatedness
b. evolution
c. physiology
d. metabolism - Starch is essentially a long chain of repeating ______ units.
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a. glucose
b. sucrose
c. fructose
d. lactose - “Triglyceride†may be used interchangeably with________
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a. wax
b. steroid
c. hormone
d. fat - A type of protein belonging to the “transport†group of proteins is
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a. hemoglobin
b. an antibody
c. a catalyst
d. a hormone