AP Biology Midterm
Terms
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- Domain Eukarya
- multicellular eukaryotic organisms; Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, (Protists)
- Domain Archaea
- prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments; no cell walls; ex: thermophiles, methanogens
- Domain Bacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes
- negative feedback
- accumulation of an end product slows the process; ex: an excess of ATP inhibits enzymes at the beginning of the pathway
- positive feedback
- accumulation of an end product speeds up the process; ex: blood clot in response to an injury--the chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets
- covalent bond
- sharing valence electrons
- nonpolar covalent bond
- bond in which electrons are shared equally; ex: H2 or O2
- polar covalent bond
- bon in which electrons are not shared equally; ex: CH4 or H2O
- ionic bond
- attraction between cations & anions
- cation
- positively charged ion; more protons than electrons
- anion
- negatively charged ion; more electrons than protons
- properties of water
- cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
- cohesion
- bonding together of like molecules (often by H+ bonds); contributes to transport of water & dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
- acid
-
substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution; H+ donor
PH < 7 - base
-
substance that reduces H+ concentration of a solution; H+ acceptor
PH > 7 - allele
- alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
- codominance
- phenotypes of both alleles exhibited in the heterozygote
- complete dominance
- phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
- epistasis
- gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited
- incomplete dominance
- phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
- law of independent assortment
- Mendel's 2nd law; each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation
- law of segregation
- Mendel's 1st law; each allele in a pair separates into a different gamete during gamete formation
- multiple alleles
- more than 2 alleles/versions of a gene (ex: blood type)
- multifactorial
- refers to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes & environmental factors
- pleiotropy
- ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
- Sickle Cell Disease
- genetic disease caused by recessive allele resulting in substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells
- Tay Sachs Disease
- genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leading to an accumulation of certain lipids in the brain
- entropy
- measure of disorder; every transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
- endergonic reaction
- a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
- exergonic reaction
- a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy
- catabolic
- a metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler compounds
- anabolic
- a metabolic pathway that synthesizes (builds) a complex molecule from simpler compounds
- allosteric regulation
- the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site
- noncompetitive inhibitor
- a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate
- competitive inhibitor
- a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics