Social Studies Ch 21
Terms
undefined, object
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- powerful organization linked to political parties that controlled local governments
- Political machine
- contractors padded the amount they billed the city and "kicked back" a percentage of that amount to political bosses
- kickback
- "spoils system", rewarded political supporters with jobs or favors
- patronage
- combinations of companies
- trusts
- journalists who brought problems in society to the public's attention
- muckraker
- allows state voters to choose their party's candidates
- primary (election)
- allows citizens to place an issue on the ballot in a state election
- initiative
- gives voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted
- referendum
- enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs
- recall
- men or women who fought for woman suffrage, women's right to vote
- suffragists
- the passing of laws to prohibit the making or selling of alcohol
- prohibition
- breaks up trusts; Teddy Roosevelt's nickname
- trustbuster
- settling disputes by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
- arbitration
- fair and equal treatment for all; Teddy Roosevelt's campaign promise
- square deal
- let people do as they choose; attitude toward big business since Thomas Jefferson's time
- laissez-faire
- protection and preservation of natural resources
- conservation
- literally "recognizing a difference," it has come to mean "unequal treatment"
- discrimination
- established Civil Service Commission to end spoils system
- Pendleton Act (1883)
- first federal law to control trusts and monopolies
- Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
- created Interstate Commerce Commission, required railroads to charge "reasonable and Just" rates and publish them
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- passed after The Jungle was published
- Meat Inspection Act (1906)
- required accurate labels
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
- regulated banking
- Federal Reserve Act (1913)
- investigated unfair trade practices
- Federal Trade Commission (1914)
- restricted Japanese immigration
- Gentleman's Agreement (1907)
- gave black men the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
- Amendment 15
- gave the Federal government the right to collect income tax, and not share it with the states
- Amendment 16
- Senators to be elected by popular vote, two from each State, for 6 year term
- Amendment 17
- Prohibition: do not make, sell, buy, transport, import, or export "intoxicating liquors"
- Amendment 18
- gave women the right to vote
- Amendment 19
- suffragist, educator, newspaper editor; led National American Woman Suffrage Association
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- Quaker, militant suffragist; founded National Women's Party; fought for economic and legal equality for women as well as suffrage
- Alice Paul
- President, 1913-1921; progressive reformer; initially did not support woman suffrage
- Woodrow Wilson
- turned Woman's Christian Temperance Union into a powerfor organization
- Frances Willard
- temperance crusader
- Carry Nation
- suffragist; first woman to serve in Congress
- Jeanette Rankin
- President, 1897-1901; favored big business
- William McKinley
- President, 1901-09; wanted to prove federal government had authority over big business
- Theodore Roosevelt
- President, 1909-1913; not as popular as Roosevelt, but carried out his reform policies
- William Howard Taft
- founded Tuskegee Institute, National Negro Business League, encouraged African Americans to work slowly, patiently, peacefully, for quality
- Booker T. Washington
- outspoken supporter of back-to-Africa movement
- Marcus Garvey
- journalist; urged African Americans to speak out for their civil rights
- Ida B. Wells
- educator; urged African Americans fight for their civil rights
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- chemist; helped improve economy of the south
- George Washington Carver
- first American woman to serve as bank president
- Maggie Lena
- one of the founders of the Society of American Indians
- Dr. Carlos Montezuma
- newspaper reporter, wrote How the Other Half Lives, describing urban life
- Jacob Riis
- political cartoonist who criticized Boss Tweed
- Thomas Nast
- President, 1877-81; wanted to end spoils system by reforming civil service
- Rutherford B. Hayes
- President, 1881; wanted to reform civil service but was assassinated
- James Garfield
- President, 1881-85; tried to end spoils system
- Chester A. Arthur
- President 1885-89, 1893-97; supported lower tariffs
- Grover Cleveland
- helped found American Socialist Party, 1898
- Eugene V. Debs
- one of the most effective muckrakers
- Lincoln Steffens
- muckraker; revealed the unfair practices of the oil trust
- Ida Tarbell
- wrote The Jungle, describing horrible conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants
- Upton Sinclair
- Wisconsin's governor and senator; reform state's electoral system by introducing primaries
- Robert La Follette
- national reform leader; educated the poor about health care
- Lillian D. Wald
- suffragist; established Hull House, a settlement house, in Chicago
- Jane Addams
- Italian nun who came to the United States to work with the poor
- Mother Cabrini
- suffragist, civil rights worker, co-founded NAACP
- Mary Church Terrell
- suffragist, co-founder of National Woman Suffrage Association
- Susan B. Anthony
- suffragist, minister, doctor; led National American Woman Suffrage Association
- Anna Howard Shaw