Integumentary system

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What are two major layers of the skin & what are they comprised of: superficial epidermis layer-thin epithelial tissue Deeper dermis layer/areolar/dense irregular connective tissue. Collagen and elastic fibers
Not part of the skin but attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs: Subcutaneous layer (sub q) also called hypodermis
what tissue makes up the epidermis?: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 90%Keratoncytes
what are the four major cell types: Keratinocyte, melanocyte, Langerhans, Merkel tactile disc
What do keratinocytes do& where are they found?: Found in the epidermis, Produce keratin, a tough protein the provides protection
What do melanocytes do & where are they found?: Found in the epidermis & Produce melanin, Melanin protects against UV (solar radiatio) Uv causes DNA cell mutation..causing skin cancer
What do Langerhans Cells do & where are they found?: Langerhans cells involved in the immune system & found in the epidermis and develop in the red marrow. Migrate to the epidermis
What do Merkel cells do? where are they found: found in the epidermis their function is sensation of touch, they work w/adjacent tactile discs, type of nerve ending
what are the 4 or 5 layers of skin thick/thin? starting deepest layer first: Stratum basale, Stratum spinosium, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum(only in thick), Stratum corneum
What are the functions of the Stratum basale?: Continuous cell division, deepest layer lies next to the dermis, produces all other layers
What is the function and appearance of the Stratum Spinoseum?: Thickest 8-10 layers of keranocytes looks like stars or spiney as they move up they die off.
What is the function of the Stratum granulosum?: It includes Keratohylin and converts tonofilamnets to keratin. An organelle called lamenar granules release a lipid rich secretion and act as a water repellant. 3-5 layers of flattended keratinocytes that are under going aptosis. due to lack of nutrtion
where are the kartinocytes produces?: In the basal layer by the stem cells for the Stratum spinosum .The kerantinoctes are coarser bundles of keratin in the intermediate filemanets then that of the basal layer in the spinosium.
What does the structure of the doemis consist of: Adispose cells, hair follicles, Nerves, Sebaceous glands, Sudiferious glands
What is the dermal papillae: smalll nipple shaped structure that projects into the under surface of the epidermis.all contain capillary loops. some contain Meissner corpusles also conrtain freenerve endings.
What is striae ?: Striae are stretch mark it is breaking of the dermis. a form of internal scarring because of the collagenous, vascular structure of the dermis.
What is the study of the epidermal ridges?: Dermatoglyphics
Where are tension lines formed?: In the dermis in the superficial layer of the dermal papillae region. these form the basis for epidermal ridges / finger prints
What is antoher name for the collagen fibers that reveal contoours in the finger tips.: Linres of cleavage.
What are the three piments of skin color: Melanin carotene hemoglobin
what causes the difference in skin color: amount of pigment produced
Another name for the yellow red pigment: pheomelanin
What is another name for black brown: eunamelin
when are the epidermal ridges formed what kind of bond do they produce: During the third month of fetal development the develpoe a strong bond between the dermis and epidermis in a region under high mechanical stress,
What increases because of epidermal reidges and what causes happen.: There is a increase in surface area which increases Meissner corposule in turn creating more sensitity. because of the ducts on the sweat glands open on the tops of the ridges as sweat pores the sweat and ridges form fingerprints
Where does carotene provide to the body? Where is excess stored: Vitamin A which helps eys see in low light and color and promotes epidermis to grow properly, Excess is stored in the hypodermis
Where does red color come from: Hemoglobin located int the ethrocytes flowing thru capillaires.
What is a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes.: A mole/ Nevus
What is a inheritedinability ot produce melanin known as?: Albinism
What is age related disease from the the loss melanocytes causing patches in the skin known as?: Viltigo
where is carotene stored?: In the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layer.
What is the name of the disorder where the nail beds turn bluw form the lack of O2: cyanosis
How much does skin weigh area and thichness. where is thickest and thinest: Weight 10-11 lbs. cover 22 sf thickest on heel thinest on eyelids
what is the function of hair?: to protect reduce heat loss, sensry for touch via nervous tissue associted w hait follicle. portect from foreign particles.
what is a fine inpigmented hair called on a fetus?: Lanugo
what is a short fine hair inpgmented on the body?: Vellus
What are long coarse heavily pigmented hair called: terminal
what determines hair types and hair color?: Amount of melanin
Which layer do the cells come form to heal a epidermal wound: Basal cell detach form the basement membrane enlarge and migrate. they stop migrating once they close the wound (contact Inhibition)
Why doesnt the epidermal layer bleed?: It is avascular
What are the four phases of deep wound healing?: Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, Prolferation phase, Matruation
which gland is resposible for emotional sweating/ or cold sweat?: Eccrine sweat gland
Where are the apocrine sweat glands located?: in the lower dermis or subcutaneous layer.
do aporcrine glands play a role in thermoregulation?: No
What happens in the infalmmatory phase #1 of deep wound healing.: Blood clots forms, neuatrophils respond, which develpo into macrophages and mesencymal cells develop into fibroblast.
During the Migratory phase #2 what occurs?: scab forms epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound.Fibriblast migrate along fibrn threads and begin sythesizing scar tisseof (collagen fibers and glcoprotein. Damaged blood vessels begin to regrow.
what is the name of the tissue filling that occurs in phase#2.: Granulation tissue.
What occurs during the proliferation phase?: Extensive growth of epithlial cells beneath the scab. depostion of fibrblasts of collagen fibers in randon patterns and cont grwoth of blood vessels.
What occurs during maturation phase?: The scab sloughs off the epidermis has been restored. collagen fibers become more organized and fibrblasts decrease, blood vessls return to normal.
what is the process of scar tissue called?: fiborsis
What is the name of a scr that remains in the normal boundries of the original wound: hypertrophic scar
If a scar goes beyound the normal boundries it is called a: Keloid or cheloid.
What are the structures of the skin?: skin, hair, oil, swet glands, nails and sensory receptors.
sweat gland responsible for thremoregualtion is the?: Eccrine/ sudoriferous gland
Sweat gland that release some lipid and proteins plus water and ions urea, uric acid, ammonia, AA , glucose, and lactic acid.: Apocrine sweat glands/ sudoriferious
The oil glands that are connected to the hair follice are?: Sebaceous/ secrete sebum
What is the name of the modified sweat galnd in the external ear?: Ceruminous glands.
what are components of the dermis?: adipose hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous oil glands, sudoriferous sweat glands
what are the nails made of?: Hard keratinized epidermla cells, located on the dorsal surface of the distal portions of the digits.
what is another name for the cuticle?: the eponychuim
what is the whitish transparent at the base of the nail called?: The lunula
Another name for the nail bed?: hyponychuim
What are the functions of hair?: Protection, reduces heat loss, sensing light touch
Where is the shaft located: Projects above the surface and is made of dead epideraml cells
Where is the root located?: The root is located deep to shaft in the dermis contain three layers, medulla, cortex, cuticle
what gland is connected to the hair follicle? What does it provide to hair: Sebaceous gland, Porvides sebum, prevents dehydration, inhibits bacteria.
Where are the sudoriferous/apocrine glands located?: Located mainly in the axillae, groin, aerolea, face.
What are the functions of the bone?: Support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, storing energy(triglycerides)
What two minerals are involved in homeostasis of the bones?: Calcium ions - for muascle contraction, and phosphorus for ATP- phopholipids.
What is the name of the proress by which bone is formed ?: Ossification
What is blood production called and where does take place: Blood cell porduction is called hemopoisis take palce in the red bone marrow of flat bones & inte epiphysis,
When does ossification occur?: In the embroynic development, repair of a fracture, during childhoodgrowth, remodeling.
Where is periosteium found?: Periosteum is found on the outside all bone of the diaphysis, whereever there isnt cartilage.
What two major events occur at the growth plate?: Growth of cartilage and replacement with bone in the metaphesis
What are the four zones of the Epiphyseal plate?: Resting cartilage,Proliferation Cartilage Hypertrophic, Calcified Cartilage.
What cartilage is the epiphyseal plate made of?: Hyaline Cartilage.
What occurs in the Resting Cartilage: Anchor the epiphyseal plate & epiphysis. Scattered, smalll chondrocytes. These cells do not function bone growth
What occurs in the Proliferation state.: Slightly larger chondocytes stacked liked coins,undergo interstitial growth as they divide and secrete extracellular matrix. Replacing those that die t the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
What occurs at the hypertrophic Zone?: Maturing chondrocytes that are arranged in columns.
What occurs at Calcified Cartilage Zone?: Only a few cellls thick mostly dead chondrocytes because extracellular matrix around them calcified. REPLACE BY NEW BONE
What is endochondral ossification?: Replacement of cartilage with new bone.
What does chondorcytes mean: Cartilage cell.
What does the word blast mean?: Blast in bone or other tissue means that it secretes extracellular matrix.
What do the osteoblast do?: Bone builders,initiate calicifiaction, they surround themselves with extacellular matrix becoming trapped and become osteocytes.
What do osteocytes do/: Osteocyes are mature bone cells that maintain daily metabolism in the bone tisse, exchanging nutrients and waaster with blood.
Are osteogenic cells the only cells to undergo cells divsion?: Yes
Where does bone growth occur?: At the periostium
What is resorption?: The breakdown of bone is part of development, mainetaince, and bone repair.
Whar affects bone growth?: Large amounts of CA2t and smaller amounts of phosphorous
What vitamin stimulates osteoclasts?: Vit A
Vitamin C isrequired to sythesize what?: Collagen
What aids in the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal track?: Vitamin D
Vitamn D deffiency cause?: Not enough calcium absorption cause Rickets in children/ osteomalcia in adults
Low bone mass is called?: Osteopenia
Porous Bones is called?: Osteoporosis
Where in compact bone does the osteocyte live?: Osteocytes lives in the Lucunae
What holds the blood vessels?: The central (Haverson) canal.
What are the name of the repeating structural unit of the comact bone: Osteon
Does spongy bone contain OsteonS?: No
Tiny small canals radiating in all directions are called?What do they provide?: Canliculi, routed for nutrients and oxygen
What are the circular plates of minerlaized extracellular matrix resembling tree rings called.: Concentric Lamellae.
how do fractures heal?: 1) Fracture Heamtoma, blood leaks clot forms, 2)Callus formation, fibroblast produce coolagen, and periosteum cells develop into chondrocytes and producefibrocartilage
What repairs the fracutre?: 3) Boney callus -osteobalst produce spongy bone, trberculae, fibrocartilageconvert to spongy bone 4) Remodeling compact bone replace spongy thickened area remains
What hormones slow resorption and promote bone depostion?: Estrogen/Testosteron
AT what age does bone loss begin to decreaseinWomen?: Age of thirty and loss of 8% every 10years
At what age does bone loss begin in Men?: Age of 60 3% every 10 years

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