Psychology AP Chapter 9 Vocabulary
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Effortful Processing
- encoding that requires attention and consious effort
- Automatic Processing
- unconsious encoding of incidential information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
- Rehearsal
- conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
- Mood-Congruent Memory
- tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
- Misinformation Effect
- incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
- Short-Term Memory
- activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
- Chunking
- organizing items into familiar, manageable untis; often occurs automatically
- Mnemonics
- memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
- Spacing Effect
- tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
- Storage
- retention of encoded information over time
- Retroactive Interference
- disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
- Source Amnesia
- attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
- Amnesia
- the loss of memory
- Relearning
- memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
- Encoding
- processing of information into the memory system-- for example, by extracting meaning
- Long-Term Memory
- relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
- Repression
- psychoanalytic theory, the basic defence mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- Priming
- activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
- Working Memory
- newer understanding of short=term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
- Acoustic Encoding
- emcoding of sound, especially the sound of words
- Memory
- persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
- Flashbulb Memory
- clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
- Serial Position Effect
- our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
- Implicit Memory
- retention independent of consious recollection [Procedural Memory]
- Retrieval
- process of getting information out of memory storage
- Deja Vu
- that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
- Recognition
- measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
- Hippocampus
- a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
- Proactive Interference
- disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
- Imagery
- mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
- Semantic Encoding
- encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
- Sensory Memory
- immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
- Explicit Memory
- memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" [Declarative Memory]
- Echoic Memory
- a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
- Recall
- a measure or memory in which the person must retireve info. learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
- Iconic Memory
- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
- Long-Term Potential (LTP)
- an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief; rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neaural basis for learning and memory
- Visual Encoding
- encoding of picture images