Psy 456 Neural Transmission
Physiological Psychology
Terms
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- Ionotropic Receptors
- Chemically gated ion chanels located on the post-synaptic membrane; fast.
- Suprathreshold
- Way above threshold level.
- Threshold
- A certian level of depolarization is needed before an action potential will occur.
- Reuptake
- The neurotransmitter in the synapse is pushed back into the pre-synaptic terminal so that it no longer binds to the receptors.
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Contain tightly packed ion channels, so reactivates the Action Potential when traveling down the axon.
- Temporal Summation
- A single synapse firing more than once back to back.
- Post-synaptic
- The neruon after the synapse.
- Ion Channels
- Channels that transport specific ions and must be activated to allow the ion flow.
- Hyperpolarization
- Move farther away from neutral midpoint.
- Anions
- Negative charged ions
- Spatial Summation
- The sum of multiple synapses firing at different locations at one time to create a net effect.
- Transmembrane Proteins
- Proteins in the plasma membrane that span across the entire membrane.
- Synaptic Vesicles
- Located in the terminal button and is small sacs of neurotransmitters.
- Enkephalin/endorphin
- Neuropeptide
- Action Potential
- aka Active Response, dynamic, not proportionally linked.
- Nicotinic effects
- Effects of neurotransmitters that increase CNS stimulation, respiration and muscle contraction.
- Semi-Permeable Membrane
- Plasma Membrane of the cell that controls what goes in and out of the cell.
- Cations
- Postive charged ions
- Transduction
- A change in form of energy.
- Oscilloscope
- Can use to visualize electric charge.
- Neurotransmitter Substance
- Neurotransmitters located in the synaptic vesicles.
- Neural Transmission
- Communication/effects on other neurons and cells of the body.
- Propagation
- How the Action Potential travels down the axon to terminals.
- Neurotransmitter Receptor
- The receptor on the post-synaptic membrane for the neurotransmitters.
- Axon Hillock
- Aka the initial segment; unmylenated and is where neural integration is assessed.
- Reticular Theory of Nervous System
- The idea that Nervous system is completely interconnected.
- Depolarization
- Move toward neutral midpoint.
- Diffusion
- Flow of high concentration to low concentration.
- Neuron Theory
- Theory that states the neuron is working unit.
- Electrostatic gradient
- Flow of high charge to low charge.
- Mitochondria
- Located in the terminal button and provides energy through ATP.
- Sodium & Chloride
- Found outside of cell.
- Glutamate
- An excititory Neurotransmitter.
- Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP)
- A minute depolarization that occurs after a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor and causes a decrease in the probability of an action potential.
- Dopamine
- Similar in structure to seretonin and norephinephrine, catechols.
- Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSP)
- A minute hyperpolarization that occurs after a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor and causes a decrease in the probability of an action potential.
- Exocytosis
- Pushed out of the cell.
- Neural Muscular Junction
- Conjuction between neural tissue and muscle tissue; Nicotinic ACH receptors found there.
- Saltatory Propagation
- Jumping from node of ranvier to next node of ranvier.
- Mylenation
- Larger diameter=faster, speed of neural transmission.
- Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
- The voltage potential inside the cell at rest, -70mv.
- Norephinephrine
- Similiar in structure to dopamine and seretonin, Catechols.
- Terminal Button
- The structure of the neuron where the Action Potential ends.
- Passive Response
- Matched in terms of duration and amplitude.
- Muscarinic effects
- Effects of neurotransmitters that decrease heart rate and bladder capacity and increases glandular secretions.
- Acetylcholine (ACH)
- A neurotransmitter that is studied the most and can be either excititory or inhibitory.
- Pre-synaptic
- The neuron before the synapse.
- Polarization
- Move away from neutral midpoint.
- Metabotropic Receptors
- A receptor that uses second messengers to eventaually activate a separate ion chanel; slow, long lasting changes.
- Seretonin
- Similiar in structure to dopamine and Norephinephrine, catechols.
- Reference
- Measurement is relative to surrounding circumstances.
- Microtubules
- Located in the terminal button that provides structure and axonal transport.
- Potassium
- Found inside cell.
- GABA
- An inhibitory Neurotransmitter.
- Circuits
- Interconnected neurons that influence each other.
- Enzymatic Degradation
- The neurotransmitter in the synapse is broken down by an enzyme so that it no longer binds to the receptors.
- Eflux
- Go out of cell.
- Influx
- Driving molecules into cell because of concentration and electrostatic gradients.
- Refractory Period
- The period after hyperpolarization where another action potential cannot occur during this time.
- Receptor Subtypes
- Each neurotransmitter has a family of receptors that allows a different effect.
- Microfilaments
- Located in the terminal button that provides structure and axonal transport.