Psychology Chapter 6-9 Exam
Terms
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- What is classical conditioning?
- a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
- What is a neutral stimulus?
- a stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
- What is an unconditioned stimulus(ucs)?
- a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
- What is an unconditioned response(ucr)?
- a response that is natural and needs no training (i.e. salivation at the smell of food)
- What is a conditioned stimulus(cs)?
- a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused by unconditioned stimulus
- What is a conditioned response(cr)?
- a response that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus(salivation at the ringing of a bell)
- What does higher order conditioning do?
- Explains why we learn certain things we learn
- What is aquisition?
- and unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned response will be consistent
- What did Dr. Watson believe?
- we did not come into the world with any fears or dislikes (blank slate) experiences teach us
- Conditioned=learned, and unconditioned=not learned
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- An unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response
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Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response pairings are unlearned and
untrained - cc
- During conditioning, a previously neutral neutral stimulus is transformed into the conditioned stimulus
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- A conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response, and a conditioned stimulus-conditioned response pairing is a consequence of learning
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- An unconditioned response and a conditioned response are similar (such as the salivation)
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- The unconditioned response occurs naturally, whereas the conditioned response is learned
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- What is extinction?
- a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
- What is spontaneous recovery?
- The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
- What is stimulus generalization?
- tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned response; the more similar, the more likely this will occur
- What is stimulus discrimination?
- The ability to differentiate between stimuli
- What is operant conditioning?
- Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
- What did Thorndike study and what law did he develop?
- cats/latched box. Law Of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
- What is reinforcement?
- the process by which stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
- What is a reinforcer?
- any stimulus that increases the probalilty that a preceding behavior will occur again
- What is shaping behavior?
- increases the likelihood the behavior will reoccur
- What is the opposite of a reinforcer?
- punishment
- What is the idea of operant conditioning?
- consequences
- What is a positive reinforcer?
- a stimulus added to the environment that brings about and increase in a preceding response
- What is a negative reinforcer?
- an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increased probality that a preceding response will occur again
- What is punishment?
- stops behavior; stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
- Reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency
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- The application of a psositive stimulus brings about an increase in the frequency of behavior and is referred to as a positive reinforcement
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- The application of a negative stimulus stops behavior and is called punishment
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- The removal of a negative stimulus that results in an increase in the frequency of behavior is termed negative reinforcement
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- The removal of a positive stimulus that decreases the behavior is called punishment
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- What are schedules of reinforcement?
- different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
- What is continuous reinforcement schedule?
- reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
- What is partial(intermittent) reinforcement schedule?
- reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time
- What is a FIXED-RATIO schedule?
- reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made(i.e.paid after certain number of shirts)
- What is VARIABLE-RATIO schedule?
- the time between reinforcements varies around some average-not fixed
- What is FIXED-RATIO schedule?
- provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed-overall rates of response low
- What is shaping?
- the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
- What is behavior modification?
- promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- What is memory?
- the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information
- What is iconic memory?
- sensory memory that reflects information from the visual system
- What is echoic memory?
- sensory memory that stores auditory information coming from the ears
- What is chunking?
- a meaningful gouping of stimuli that can be stored a s a unit in short-term memory
- What is declarative memory?
- Memory for factual information: faces, names, dates, etc
- What is episodic memory?
- memory for the biographical details of our individual life
- What are flash bulb memories?
- snapshot memories, specific, important or surprising events
- What is the recency effect?
- items presented late in a list are remembered best
- What is the primacy effect?
- Things first in a list are remembered best
- What is the serial positioning effect?
- the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list it appears
- What is heuristic?
- a cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution
- What are algorithms?
- a rule that guarantees a solution to a problem
- What is syllogistic reasoning?
- formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions
- What are concepts?
- categorization of objects, events or people that share common properties
- What are prototypes?
- typical, highly representative examples of a concept
- What are semantics?
- the rules governing the meaning of words and sentences
- What is procedural memory?
- memory for skills and habits sometimes referred to as "non-declarative"
- What is semantic memory?
- memory for general knowledge and facts about the world as well as memory for the rules of logic
- What is transformation?
- an initial state, a goal state and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state
- What is the G or g-factor?
- single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intellignece in some early theories
- What is fluid intelligence?
- Intellegence that reflects information processing capabilities of reasoning andmemory
- What is crystallized intelligence?
- the accumulation of information, skills that are learned and can be applied-declarative
- What is primary reinforcement?
- satisfies some biological need-physical
- What is secondary reinforcement?
- more psychological, praise etc
- What is a cognitive map?
- a mental representation of spatial locations and directions
- What is insight learning?
- a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent