biology exam 3
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- what is huntington's disease?
- strikes in middle age,
- what is incomplete dominance?
- when 2 alleles are "blended."
- what is codominance?
- when both alleles are expressed like in blood type.
- what is pleiotropy?
- when one allele has many effects.
- what causes an exception to independent assortment?
- Crossing over.
- how do you know the likeliness of crossing over?
- the farther apart the genes are on the same chromosome, the more likely they will cross over.
- Which gender determines sex in humans?
- male
- Adenine always links with
- Thymine
- Cytosine always links with
- Guanine
- How many "rings" are in one line of DNA?
- 3
- How many rings are in adenine?
- 2
- How many rings are in thymine?
- 1
- hOW MANY RINGS ARE IN cytosine?
- 1
- how many rings are in guanine?
- 2
- when does dna replication occur?
- in s phase
- what is polymerase?
- protein that helps duplicate dna
- how does DNA translate to alleles? (3)
- 1. transcribe DNA info into RNA 2. translates RNA info into protein 3. protein has the trait.
- how do you determine which protein gets made from dna/rna?
- ratio is 3:1. for every 3 combo of nucleotides in an rna strand there is 1 amino acid
- what are 2 definitions of evolution?
- 1. change of organisms over time 2. a change in the genetic make up of a population over time
- Who was linnaeus?
- Put organisms in specific subdivided groups. classified all living things.
- who was Lamark?
- thought animals changed overtime and that changes from the environment got passed down through generations. he coined the term biology.
- Who was Covier?
- he studied fossils. Father of paleontology. Realized that the oldest animals were strangest/most unfamiliar.
- Who was Hutton?
- coined "Gradualism." believed rivers carved canyons and earth quakes created mountains. but he was bad at writing
- what is gradualism?
- that large changes take place over a long period of time/
- who was lyel?
- read hutton's work and expanded with better writing. coined uniformitarianism.
- what is uniformitarianism?
- physics has been the same over time.
- What did all the founders of evolution really conclude or insinuate?
- that the earth is OLD.
- what was darwin and how did he travel?
- he was a pastor and traveled on a naval ship mapping out the coasts.
- what was one of darwins first realizations?
- that animals on different islands look different but slightly similar.
- who was alfred russell wallace?
- sent darwin his manuscript of ideas and they both presented their ideas to royal society.
- what was the name of darwins book?
- The Origin of Species
- What are 3 aspects of natural selection?
- 1. organisms vary 2. all organisms produce more offspring than can survive 3. therefore only some survive.
- what are 2 consequences of natural selection?
- 1. if environment change animals need to adapt or they will die out. 2. if environment does not change, you don't have to.
- what are three pieces of evidence to evolution?
- 1. antibiotic resistance. 2. isecticide resistance 3. fossil records
- what is comparative anatomy?
- there are similar structures in organisms that are closely related.
- what is convergent evolution?
- animals not closely related have similar structures due to similar environments. i.e. sharks, dolphins, fish
- what is a homologous structure?
- structures with a common origin but used for different things
- what are analogous structures?
- structures that look similar but have different origins.
- what is embryology?
- the idea that embryos show common ancestors.
- what is biochemistry?
- about DNA. That similar species/related organisms have DNA that is similar.
- what is biogeography?
- what darwin noticed. the closer different animals physically are, the more similar they are. the farther apart they are the more different.
- what is artificial selection?
- when humans or others breed organisms and decide which ones are allowed to produce.
- what is the hardy weinburg equation?
- q^2+2pq+p^2=1
- using hardy weinburg how can you figure the probability of homozygous recessive? q^2
- What is probability of homozygous dominant? p^2
- What is the probability of heterozygote?
- 2pq
- why do we use the hardy weinburg equation if it only works in specific situations?
- because the situations take a long time to happen.
- What 5 things are needed for hardy weinburg equation to work?
- 1. large population 2. no movement of gene in or out of population 3. no mutations 4. random matinng...changing mates 5. no natural selection
- Where do differences in alleles come from
- mutations
- why are mutations important?
- becuase you need variations to figure out what works and doesn't.
- what is speciation?
- when one animal transforms into two different animals
- what really defines a species?
- organisms able to breed with eachother and create viable offspring.
- what 4 things prevent different species from breeding?
- 1. habitat (cannot survive in each others habitats.) 2. different kinds of behaviors 3. temporal - if active during night or day 4. mechanical - reproductive parts not fit with each other
- how do species change into two different?
- if the population is divided, needs to adapt to different conditions.
- what is allopatric speciation?
- when a species split because in different locations
- what is sympatric speciation?
- when species split living in the same place
- why does biogeography happen?
- because of storms and hurricanes and such.
- what is taxonomy?
- study of classifying and naming organisms.
- what are the different sub groups used to name organisms? (7)
- 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. genus 7. species
- the KPCOFGS classification can be supplemented with what? (3)
- super- sub- infra-
- What is the KPCOFGS name for humans?
- Animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, sapiens
- what is the only objective category of KPCOFGS?
- species
- What are rules about writing scientific names?
- 1. Include Genus and species 2. Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase 3. both are underlines or italicized.
- how many kingdoms are there per se?
- 5
- what is epistasis?
- when one allele controls the expression of another
- a new molecule of dna is always made from
- 5' to 3'
- during replication, dna fragments are bound together by
- DNA ligase
- making mRNA from DNA starts at the
- promotor
- the excess its of mRNA are known as
- introns
- anticodons are found in
- tRNA
- to make a polypeptide, mRNA attaches to
- ribosomes
- sickle cell anemia is caused by a
- base substitution
- an enzyme that can convert rna to dna is
- reverse transcriptase
- bacteria can spread genetic info to another bacteria using
- a plasmid
- triplets of nucleotides that add up to an amino acid are called
- codons
- how is RNA made differently than DNA?
- only one strand is made and u is substituted for t
- RNA starts and ends where?
- starts: promoter ends: terminator
- RNA that connects to DNA is called
- mRNA or messenger RNA
- what connects to mRNA?
- tRNA
- what does tRNA do?
- fits into appropriate triplet (codon) and drags an amino acid with it.
- what helps the process of going from mRNA to proteins?
- ribosomes
- what are ribosomes made up of?
- proteins and bits/pieces of rRNA
- three steps to making polypeptides are
- 1. codon recognition - triplet is recognized. appropriate tRNA is found and placed into A site of ribosome right next to P site 2. peptide bond is formed between polypeptide attached to tRNA in P slot and amino acid attached to tRNA in A slot. 3. tRNA in P slot moves to e slot and then leaves while the tRNA in A spot moves to P.
- mutations can be due to:
- base substitutions, deletions, additions
- over all what does HIV do?
- has an enzyme that transcribes RNA to DNA with reverse transcriptase. Attacks immune cells.