Child Psychology Chapter 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Fetoscopy
- Uses fetoscope to see developing fetus, risk of miscarriage high, used for surgery for hole in heart that can't survive at birth
- Macrosystems
- Larger social settings, cultural values and political processes (diff btw living in US or China)
- Environmental Main Effects Model
- Nurture is more important, child abuse, biology of child contributes to abuse
- Quantitative research
- Data can be categorized, ranked or numbered, easily summarized, preffered method of data reporting
- Longitudinal Research
- Collect data from the same group of individuals as they age, useful in life span studies, participants may withdraw, die, move away, influenced by changing historical context
- Discontinuity
- Characteristics unlike those that came before changing (ex. speaking new language, quitting drug)
- Klinefelters Syndrome, XXY
- Have genetalia of boys, not diagnosed till puberty (must induce puberty), higher incidence of learning disability, sterile, may have hair, no sperm
- Determinants of Sex
- Sex before or at ovulation (girl), reduced vaginal acidity (girl)
- Research methods
- Scientific observation, experimentation, surveys, case studies
- Interactional Model
- nature + nurture = 100%, If you alter the environment you can alter genetic code, PKU (genetic disorder, if you don't eat protien you won't be affected), Makes specific predictions about the development, Urie Bronfennbrenner, sociohistorical influences
- Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome
- Moderate mental retardation, short limbs and fingers, second grade education level, males sterile, one of the least devastating
- Trisomy 18
- Rockerbottom feet, physically retarded, most die in 1st month
- Qualitative research
- Asks open-ended questions, answers not easily translated into numbers
- Ethnic group
- Country of origin, culture, religion, language, determines morality, diet, world views
- Continuity
- Characteristics that are stable over time
- Neighborhood Efficacy
- Collective efficacy, strength of bonds in a community and how well people take care of each other
- Most common genetic developmental problems
- Trisomy 21, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, Fragile x, Klinefelters, XYY Supermales, XXX, XO Turner syndrome (most are sex linked)
- Usefulness
- Can it solve real life problems
- Resilience
- Ability of some children to overcome severe threats to their development
- Models of Development
- Biological, Environmental, Interactional, Transactional (best)
- Biological Main Effects Model
- Nature is more important, genetics, down syndrome
- Urie Bronfennbrenner
- Thought of developmental influences as being concentric circles, developed ecological systems approach
- Trisomy 13
- Profoundly retarded, most die within 1st month, some live into teen years
- Survey
- Info collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire or some other means, must phrase questions without influencing
- CVS, Corionic Villi Sampling
- Go through womans cervix and scrape off chorion layer, 10 weeks, 1/100 chance of spontanious abortion, anything through cervix can induce labor
- Code of Ethics
- Ethical standards, imposed by Institutional Review Board, explain purposes and procedures of experiment
- Fragile X
- Leading cause of mental retardation, part of X chromosome is missing (from mother), retardation not as severe in girls, large prominant ears, large genitalia, large forehead
- Super Males, XYY
- No physical characteristics, higher incidence of mental retardation, almost all show signs of ADHD, may have it and not know it
- Methodology
- Sepecific strategies or methods used to gather and analyze data
- Multicultural
- Design for living, dynamic because individuals abandon some aspects and shift within social groups
- Aging Ova Hypothesis
- Best eggs come out first, bad eggs kept, could be that younger women exposed to less teratogens
- Amniocentesis
- Needle pierces the abdomen to get into amnion layer that surrounds baby, 1/250 have spontaneous abortion, not done untill 17 weeks, 4 weeks to get results
- XXX
- Tall, thin, blonde women, higher incidence of learning disability, can have children, tend to be speech delayed and have trouble with reading
- Sonogram
- High frequency sound waves draw picture of baby, first one at 7 weeks to confirm pregnancy, 15 weeks to tell if any genetic defects, can tell sex, risk due to high frequency sound waves hitting baby
- Seminal Fluid
- Carries on average 300-450 million sperm
- Scientific Observation
- Observing and recording behavior, unobtrusive, cannot indicate what causes people to do what they do
- Conception
- Occurs in fallopian tubes
- Multidirectional
- Proved continuity(mother-child bond) was more powerful than horrific events, large changes can have minute effects and vice versa
- Polygenic inheritance
- More than one gene affects a single trait
- Widmeyer and Fields
- Took two groups of teen moms, gave child Brazelton IQ test, some moms watched test, scored mom baby interaction, looked in group to see best predictor of score vs interaction, found with stronger environments stronger relationship forms, baby creates relationship too
- Detection of genetic disorders
- Amniocentesis, sonogram, AFP
- Genetic councling
- Needed if couple has child with genetic disorder, family member has genetic disorder, woman had a history of miscarriages or parents are older
- Multicontextual
- Historical context (cohort = persons born within few years of one another), Socioeconomic context includes advantages and disadvantages (poverty limits access to high quality housing)
- Ecological Systems Approach
- Examine all the systems that surround the development of each child, micro, macro, exo, chrono, meso
- Transactional Model
- Multiplicative affect, biological interacts with environmental to equal 100%, Sameroff (grandfather of model), Widmeyer and Fields, reciprocal and bidirectional, takes into account exceptions to the rules, estimates group differences not individual differences, most accurately describes development
- Cross Sequential Research
- Combines other two, study several groups at different ages over a long time, shows differences in chronological age and historical period
- Five Characteristics of Development
- Multidirectional (gains and losses, predicted growth and unexpected transformations), Multicontextual (historical, economic), Multicultural(set of values, traditions), Multidisciplinary (numerous academic fields), Plasticity (every individual altered at any point in life)
- Multidisciplinary
- Biosocial (maturation of brain), cognitive (ability to understand connections between objects) and psychosocial domains (reactions to other's responses)
- Scientific Method
- Ask a question, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, Draw conclusions, make findings available
- Generealizability
- Does it apply to other problems
- Microsystems
- Persons immediate surroundings
- Developmental Scientists
- Seek to convey both the generalities and the specifics about people
- Hurlors Syndrome
- Normal looking at first but become troll looking and die by age 5
- Normal Ovulation
- 300-500 times throughout 40-50 years, as you age you begin dropping more eggs each ovulation
- Validity
- Accuracy, does it measure what it is supposed to
- Breach of Ethics
- Unintentional slanting of data, incomplete reporting, cooking the data
- AFP, Alpha Feta Protien
- 15 weeks, no risk to fetus, test mothers blood, chemical associated with spina bifida (leaking cerebrospinal fluid causes higher levels), low levels associated with down syndrome, many false positives
- Exosystems
- Local institutions, school and church (diff btw living in small town and big city)
- Cross Sectional Research
- Most convenient, groups differ in age (share other characteristics) compared, hard to make sure other characteristics are in common
- Mesosystems
- Connections between microsystems: Direct is parents coming to school to check grades, Indirect is displacement when mad at work and take out on kids
- Male Sex
- More concieved than females but are weaker so more chance of miscarriage, Y chromosome said to travel faster
- Correlation
- One variable is more likely to occur when others occur
- Science of Human Development
- Seeks to understand how and why people change or remain the same: based on scientific method, studies all kinds of people
- Turner's Syndrom, XO
- Very short, goal is to get over 5ft, extra skin on neck, may have spinal problems, can grow to be normal intelligence, sterile, need hormone therapy to get secondary sex characteristics
- SES, Socioeconomic status
- Wealth, occupation, neighborhood, child's is based on mother's education level
- Case Study
- Intensive study of one individual, interview, answers recorded in full and not marked on a checklist (possible to understand individual well, provide starting point for other research, illustrate general truths)
- Sociohistorical Influences
- Cohort Group, Ethnic group, SES
- Concordance rates
- Look at if family member has a disorder and what probability the child will have it
- Chronosystems
- Historical conditions
- Causes of genetic disorders
- Evolutionary Fluke (gene mutation), Older parents (women >35yrs old, men > 40), having a baby with same recessive trait (90% babies normal)
- Plasticity
- Human traits can be molded into different forms but can maintain a certain durability of identity, encompasses all other four characteristics