Science Voc.
Terms
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- selective breeding
- the breeding of organisms that have a certain desired trait
- natural selection
- the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce at a highter rate than organisms without the favorable trait
- mutation
- a change in the order of the bases in a organism's DNA; deletion, insertion, or substitution
- generation time
- the period betweent eh birth of one generationand the birth of the next generation
- speciation
- th eprocess by which 2 populations of the smae species become so different that they can no longer interbreed
- geologic time scale
- the division of Earth's history into distinct intervals of time
- extinct
- describes a species of organism that has died out completely
- plate tectonics
- the study of the forces that drive the movement of pieces of Earth's crust around the surface of the planet
- relative dating
- determining whether an event or object, such as a fossil, is older or younger than other events or objects
- Life Science
- The study of living things
- Scintific Method
- A series of steps that scientists use to awnser questions and solve problems
- Hypothesis
- A possible explanation or awnser to a question
- Controlled Experemint
- An experiment tht tests only one factor at a time
- Variable
- A factor in a controlled experiment that changes
- Theory
- A unifying explanation for a broad range of hypothesis and observations that have been supported by experimentations
- technology
- The application of knoledge, tools, and materials to solve problems and accomplish tasks; technology can also be reffered to the objects to accomplish tasks
- Compound Light Microscope
- A microscope that consists of a tube with lenses, a stage, and a light source
- Electon Microscope
- A microscope that uses tiny particles of matter to produce magnified images
- Area
- The measure of how much surface an object has
- Volume
- the amount of space that something occupies
- Mass
- The amount of matter that something is made of;its value does not change with the objects location
- temperature
- the measure of hot or cold something is
- Cell
- a membrane covered structure that contains all the materials necessary for life
- stimulus
- anything that effects the activity of the organism, organ or tissue
- homeostasis
- the maintenance of a stable internal environment
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction in which a single parent produces offsprings that are genetically identical to the parent
- sexual reproduction
- reproduction in which two sex cell join together to form a zygote
- DNA
- heredity material that controls all the events of the cell
- Heredity
- the passing of traits from parents to offsprings
- metabolism
- the combined chemical proccess that occur in a cell or a living organism
- sex cells
- an egg or sperm; a sex cell carries half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells
- producer
- organisms that make their own food
- consumer
- an organism that eats producers or other consumers
- decomposer
- an organism that breaks down the remains of dead organisms
- protein
- large molecules made of sub units made of aminoacids
- carbohydrate
- compounds made of sugars
- lipid
- compound that cannot mix with water
- phospholipids
- molecule that form most of the cell membrane
- nucleic acid
- compound made of sub units called nucleotides
- ATP
- fuel used for cell activity that require energy
- meiosis
- cell division that produces sex cells
- sex chromosomes
- the chromosomes that carry genes that determine the sex of offspring
- adaptation
- a characteristic that helps and organism survive in its environment
- Tissue
- a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body
- organ
- a combination of one or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function
- organ system
- a group of organs that work together to perform body functions
- organism
- anything that can independently carry out life proccess
- unicellular
- made of a single cell
- multicellular
- made of many cells
- population
- a group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time
- community
- all the populations of different species that live and interact in the same area
- ecosystem
- a community of organisms and their nonliving environment
- cell membrane
- a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the cell's environment
- organelles
- a structure within a cell, sometimes surrounded by a cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- cellular fluid surrounding a cells organells
- species
- the most specific of the seven levels of classififcation; characterized by a group of organisms that can mate one another to produce fertile offsprings
- nucleus
- the membrane-covered organelle found in eukaryotic cells; contains the cell's DNA and serves as a control center for the cell
- prokaryotic
- a cell that does not have a nuclesu or any other membrane-covered organelles; also called a bacterium
- eukaryotic
- a cell that contains a central nucleus and a complicated internal structure
- bacteria
- extremely small, single-celled organisms without a nucleus; prokaryotic cells
- cell wall
- a structure that surrounds the cell membrane of some cells and provides strength and support to the cell membrane
- ribosomes
- a small organelle in cells where proteins are made from amino acids
- endoplasmic reticulum
- a membrane-covered cell organelle that produces lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for delivery out of the cell
- mitochondria
- cell organelles surrounded by two membranes that break down food molecules to make ATP
- chloroplast
- an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photsynthesis occurs
- Golgi complex
- the cell organelle that modifies, packages, and transports materials out of the cell
- vesicle
- a membrane-covered compartment in a eukaryotic cell that forms when part of the cell membrane surounds an object and pinches off
- vacuole
- a large membrane-covered structure found in plant cells that serves as a storage container for water and other liquids
- lysosomes
- a special vesicle in a cell that digests food particles, wastes, and foreign invaders
- diffusion
- the movement of particles from an area where their concentration is high to an area where their concentration is low
- osmosis
- the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
- passive transport
- the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas where the concentration of particles is high to areas where the concentration of particles is low
- active transport
- the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion; requires cells to use energy
- endocytosis
- the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
- evolution
- the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time
- fossils
- the solidified remains or imprints of a once-living organism
- fossil record
- a historical sequesnce of life indicated by fossils bound in layers of the Earth's crust
- vestigial organ
- an organ that doesn't work anymore but might have been useful to an ancestor
- traits
- a distinguishing quality that can be passed from one generation to another
- cytokinesis
- the process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis
- dominant trait
- the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited
- recessive trait
- a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
- genes
- segments of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent ot offspring; located on chromosomes
- alleles
- different forms of a single gene
- genotype
- the inherited combination of alleles
- phenotype
- an organism's inherited appearance
- probability
- the mathematical chance that an event will occur
- chromosome
- a coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
- binary fission
- the simple cell division in which one cell splits into two; used by bacteria
- homologous chromosomes
- chromosomes with matching information
- exocytosis
- the process used to remove large particles from a cell; during exocytosis, a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell membrane
- photosynthesis
- the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar
- cellular respiration
- the process of producing ATP in the cell form oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water
- fermentation
- the breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the absence of oxygen
- cell cycle
- the life cycle of a cell;in eukaryotes it consists of chromosome duplication, mitosis, and cytokinesis
- chromatids
- idntical chromosome copies
- centromere
- the region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated
- mitosis
- nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes