Semester Two
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- The electrons in photosystem II are replaced by what?
- Water
- What is the enzyme that speeds up the initial reaction in the Calvin Cycle?
- Rubisco
- How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycosis for each glucose molecule?
- 2
- Chlorophyll absorbs what kind of light?
- Red and blue
- What are the three steps of cellular respiration?
-
1)Glycolysis
2)Krebs Cycle
3)Electron Transport Chain - In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
- Cytoplasm
- How many molecules of ATP are produced during the electron transport chain process for each molecule of glucose?
- 32
- The electrons from photosystem I are replaced by what?
- Electrons from photosystem II
- What is the formula for photosynthesis?
-
6CO2 + 6H2O (yields to with light) C6H12O6 + 6O2
aka
carbon dioxide and water, with light, yield to glucose and oxygen - What is the formula for cellular respiration?
-
6O2 + C6H12O6 (yields to) 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
aka
oxygen and glucose yield to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy - What does ATP stand for?
- Adenosine triphosphate
- What are the biproducts of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
-
Photosynthesis—oxygen
Cellular respiration—glucose - What is produced in the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
- PGAL
- Energy production in the absence of oxygen is known as what?
- Fermentation
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
- Mitochondrial matrix
- What are the two types of fermentation?
-
1)lactic acid
2)alcoholic - Which type of fermentation produces carbon dioxide?
- Alcoholic fermentation
- What color is reflected by chlorophyll?
- Green
- What is the enzyme through which hydrogen ions diffuse in electron transport?
- ATP Synthase
- What are the four processes of light reactions?
-
1)light absorbtion
2)electron transport
3)oxygen production
4)ATP formation - On what chapter where the preceding questions?
- 6
- DNA is what kind of monomer of the four basic macromolecules?
- Nucleic Acid
- What is the process of changing one strain of bacteria to another called?
- Transformation
- What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?
- Phosphate, deoxyribose, and thymine
- The coded information in DNA determines the formation of what?
- Polypeptides (Proteins)
- What is the organelle ot which mRNA attaches?
- Ribosomes
- What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
- Double helix
- What is the process by which a strand of DNA is turned into an mRNA strand called?
- Transcription
- What is the bond between the based pairs of DNA called?
- Hydrogen bonds
- What is the process by which the mRNA is made into a polypeptide chain called?
- Translation
- What is the start codon?
- AUG
- If the code for an amino acid is ATG on the DNA molecule, the anticodon on the tRNA molecule is what?
- AUG
- During replication of DNA, bonds are broken between what?
- Nitrogenous bases
-
What is the mRNA sequence that would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA?
T-A-C-A-A-G-T-G-C-T-T-G-T-T-T-C - A-U-G-U-U-C-A-C-G-U-U-C-A-A-A-G
- A cell has 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
- 36
- What is the structure that is found in plant cell division that is not found in animal cell division?
- Cell Plate
- What is uncontrolled cell division known as?
- Cancer
- What is each half of a chromosome called?
- Chromatid
- What are the proteins around which the DNA double helix is wrapped around called?
- Histones
- What is the area at which two sister chromatids are joined called?
- Centromere
- Together DNA and proteins form bead-like structures called what?
- Nucleosomes
- Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular train are said to be what?
- Homozygous
- Mendel's 'P' generation was composed of what?
- Purebreds
- The phenotypic ratio in offspring resulting from the cross Tt x Tt is what?
- 3:1
- What was the phenotypic ratio om the F2 generation of Mendel's dihybrid cross?
- 9:3:3:1
- What are heterozygous organisms?
- Organisms that have two different alleles for a single trait.
- What is the probability that a coin comes up tails five consecutive flips?
- 1/32
- What are genotypes and phenotypes?
-
Genotype-organism's genetic makeup
Phenotype-organism's physical appearance - What are the genotypic and phenotipic ratios in a cross between two heterozygous organisms?
-
Genotypic-1:2:1
Phenotypic-3:1 - A cell with a diploid number of 72 creates gametes with a haploid number of _____
- 36
- What is a pair of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I called?
- Tetrad
- What is the condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed called?
- Codominance
- What are inheritable mutations called?
- Germ mutations
- A mutation that involves the loss of a part of a chromosome is called what?
- Deletion
- What is a translocation?
- A mutation in which part of a chromosome breaks off and attached so another nonhomologous chromosome
- When does crossing over occur?
- During meiosis I
- What is crossing over?
- The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- How many chromosomes are in a haploid, diploid, and gamete human cell?
-
Haploid-23
Diploid-46
Gamete-23 - What is polygenic inheritance?
- A condition in which multiple genes code for a single trait
- What is a frameshift mutation?
- A mutation in which a single nucleotide is removed or added
- Sister chromatids separate during which phase of meiosis?
- Meiosis II
- Traits and behaviors that allow and organism to survive and reproduce increase an organism's _____
- Fitness
- What is a change in species over time called?
- Evolution
- A bat's wing and a dolphin's fin are examples of what?
- Homologous structures
- Fitness arises through a process called what?
- Adaptation
- What is the term for dating fossils based on their position in different rock layers?
- Relative Dating
- The geologist that was a major influence on Darwin's work was who?
- Lyell
- What does HMS stand for?
- Her Majesty's Service
- What is the group of genes that determines the position of body organs in vertebrates called?
- Hox Cluster
- How old is the Earth? (Approx.)
- 4.5 Billion years
- What is common descent?
- Darwin's idea that all living things share a common ancestor
- What does Uranium-238 decay into?
- Lead-206
- What does Carbon-14 decay into?
- Nitrogen-14
- What is a species?
- A group of similar looking organisms that breed with ine another and produce fertile offspring
- The evolution of Darwin's finches is an example of what?
- Adaptive radiation
- Divergent evolution is also known as what?
- Adaptive radiation
- Is genetic drift random?
- Yesh
- Evolution does not occur unless something upsets a population's what?
- Genetic equilibrium
- Natural selection is also known as what?
- Survival and reproduction of the fittest
- Analogous structures evolve as a result of what?
- Convergent evolution
- What is a gene pool?
- The collection of all the genes in a population
- The process by which a new species evolves is called what?
- Speciation
- From what does reproductive isolation result?
-
1)Geographic barriers
2)Differences in courtship behaviors
3)Differences in fertile periods - What is relative frequency?
- The number of times an allele of a gene occurs in a gene pool as compared with different alleles of the same gene
- Genetic drift is most effective on what kind of population?
- Small
- A bat's wing and a butteerfly's wing are examples of what?
- Analogous structures
- A change in allele frequencies over time is called what?
- Evolution
- What is a fairly stable collection of organisms occupyig and ecosystem called?
- Climax community
- What are the initial inhabitants of a new ecosystem called?
- Pioneer species
- The group that occupies the top of the energy pyramid is what group?
- Consumers
- Feeding relationships in an ecosystem are best described by what?
- Food webs
- Plants and photosynthetic bacteria would be considered what?
- Producers
- What are all the land biomes? Water biomes?
-
Land:
1)Tundra
2)Taiga
3)Temperate deciduous forest
4)Grassland
5)Tropical rain forest
6)Desert
Water:
1)Freshwater
2)Marine
3)Estuaries - What are the four regions of hte marine biome?
-
1)Neritic
2)Deep Sea
3)Open sea
4)Intertidal - Are you going to pass this exam with flying colors?
- YESSSSSSSS!!!!!!!!