Epidemiology Ch. 8
Terms
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- Any factor or influence upon the research activity.
- variable
- ___ epidemiology is where the researcher is not allowed to try and control for variables.
- observational
- ___ epidemiology is the most common and traditional type of research found in epidemiology.
- observational
- Any factor or attribute influencing research variables prior to the activity occurring.
- antecedent
- A study that falls short in meeting the strict letter-of-the-law of the design, but includes the basic foundations of good research design.
- quasi
- ___ trials use nonrandom data.
- community
- ___ trials us random data.
- clinical
- ___ trials and ___ trials are the 2 most used design approaches using experimental design approach in epidemiology.
- community; clinical
- ___ studies are not true epidemiological studies.
- experimental
- The factors or conditions that occur and exist in both treatment and control groups that cause no change in the experimental group.
- dependent variable
- The treatment or the change agent is the ___ variable.
- independent
- The factor that caused the change is referred to as the ___ variable.
- independent
- In ___ research, a cause-effect relationship is easily observed.
- experimental
- ___ is the effectivness of treatment in the subjects and degree of change due to the action of the independent variable.
- level of confidence
- A study where the data is not manipulated, but the data's effect is measured after is has occurred.
- ex post facto
- ___ studies are done ex post facto.
- retrospective
- ___ studies are retrospective studies.
- case control
- To establish a restrospective study, clear guidelines concerning the ___, ___, and ___ must be set so that precise criteria about the cases can be established.
- severity; extent; stages of the disease
- In ___ studies, incidence is preferred over prevalence.
- prospective
- ___ is the only determining factor that determines which group each subject is assigned to.
- randomization
- Subjecs are assigned at random to different treatment groups.
- multiple treatment groups
- ___ are fake treatments.
- placebos
- ___ studies reduces bias and confounding variables.
- blind
- If the subjects have already been exposed.
- nonrandomized
- A ___ approach will allow the treatment group to serve as its own controls.
- pre-test/post-test
- Variables or factors known to be related to, associated with, or which can influence the state of the subjects being studied.
- confounding variables
- The process of selecting controls so that they have similar effects or characteristics as the cases.
- matching
- ___ is used to remove the effect of confounding variables.
- stratification
- The changes and variation in the disease or health status of a study population as the study groups move through time.
- cohort/generation effect
- A study in which each individual in a group or research sample that is representative of the study population is represented for one point in time and the findings represent that particular time.
- cross-sectional study
- ___ studies are limited to what data have been gathered at one point in time.
- cross-sectional
- Surveys are an example of a ___ study.
- cross-sectional
- ___ studies are more effective in chronic diseases and less effective in communicabl diseases with short incubation periods and short durations.
- cross-sectional
- The selection of individuals who will participate as subjects from the research population.
- random selection
- The assignment of subjects to groups so that each person has an equal chance of being selected to be in the study group.
- random assignment
- Cutting up lists and drawing names is an example of a ___.
- random sample
- ___ sample includes recipients of a service, those involved in a clinic or available at a worksite.
- convenience
- Only those who are identifiable or are at hand are included in a study and excluded in a study are those not easily identifiable nor easy to access.
- visibility bias
- When samples in a study are chosen by alphabetical order, numerical order, street address, or other sequential ordering.
- order bias
- ___ bias occurs most often when field workers are allowed to pick the sample.
- accessibility
- What happens when subjects are set too closely together, and may interact and share information.
- cluster bias
- The way that cohort data is arranged and tabulated, assessed as cohorts pass through time, age and live life.
- cohort analysis
- A group of persons being studied who were born in the same year or time period.
- cohort
- Charts which summarize the patterns of survival and death in study groups of certain types of disease such as chronic diseases.
- life tables
- For chronic diseases, cohort ___ are used to estimate the probability of surviving or dying within a specified time period after diagnosis.
- life tables