Geography Final Study Guide
Terms
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- How fast are the winds of the jet stream?
- up to 230 mph
- Intense heat and pressure "cooks" rock and changes mineral structure
- Metamorphic
- When energy is transferred from one thing to another through contact (burning yourself on the stove; tongue on cold metal)
- Conduction
- Categories of electromagnetic radiation from shortest to longest
- Gamma Rays, X-Rays, Ultraviolet, Visible, Near Infrared, Shortwave Infrared, Middle Infreared, Microwaves, Radio Waves
- Caused by fertilizers and septic runoff, causes "blue baby" syndrome in infants and fatigue and kidney problems in adults
- Nitrates
- Areas where lithosphere breaks
- Faults
- Radiation bouncing off an object
- Reflection
- ----><------, subduction zones
- Convergent
- Probability of a flood happening every ___ years
- Recurrance Interval
- What causes ocean currents?
- Coriolis Effect
- Transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid
- Convection/Advection
- Mid-latitude wave cycone Stage 4
- Dissolves (no more lifting of air= no clouds= falls apart
- Our plate
- North America Plate
- Examples of Metamorphic rocks
- Limestone --> marble, shale --> slate
- Minerals, Organic matter, water, air spaces
- Soil
- Rigid part of the earth, includes crust and uppermost mantle
- Lithosphere
- Soil Formation
- Parent material (rock substrate soil is formed from), Relief (steel or flat; flat=more fertile), Organisms (organic matter), Climate, Time
- Primary waves (pressure waves)
- P Waves
- Pacific Ocean Plate
- Pacific Plate
- Average soil formation rate
- 1 inch/ 100 years; 1 ton/ hectare/year
- Heat that is absorbed/released during a phase change
- Latent Heat
- What direction do pressure areas rotate in Southern Hemisphere?
- High: Counterclockwise, Low: clockwise
- Upfaulted bock
- horst
- The plate subducting under us
- Juan de Fuca Plate
- Warm and moist air
- Maritime Tropical- hurricanes
- Earth's layers
- Core, mantle, crust (like a peach)
- Eye wall of the hurricane =
- violent weather
- Is a storm an area of H or L pressure?
- L
- Erosion of soil worldwisd
- 24 tons/ hectare/ year
- Percentage of gasses in the atmosphere: Nitrogen
- 78%
- A measure of mass of water vapor in the air (mass/mass)
- Specific Humidity
- Relative Humidity
- Water Vapor Content/Water Vapor Capacity x100
- Lower elevation clouds
- Stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus
- Fog over bodies of water, common in fall
- Evaporation Fog
- What direction pressure areas rotate in Northern Hemisphere?
- High: Clockwise, Low: counterclockwise
- Where do hurricanes form/
- Over warm oceans (~80F)
- Has an aquiclude above and below; associated with artesian wells
- Confined aquifer
- High pressure on a mountain travels towards low pressure in a valley (in the evening)
- Mountain Breeze
- Faults that slide side-by-side, San Andreas Fault
- Transform Faults
- Visible light comes through the atmosphere easily, some is absorbed, but some is bounced back as infrared radiation, which cannot get through the atmosphere easily
- Greenhouse Effect
- Oregon coastal fog, wind driven off ocean towards land, hits cold water currents and reaches dew point (needs wind!)
- Advection Fog
- Major causes of increased CH4 in atmosphere
- Livestock, Rice, Melting of permafrost
- Warm air goes over cold air; lighter, longer precipitation
- Warm Front
- Local wind type, generated by high pressure over the Great Basin of the Western US
- Santa Ana Winds
- downfaulted block
- graben
- The area at the surface directly above the focus
- epicenter
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone Stage 1
- Develop Low Pressure Area
- Phase out and ban ozone depeleting chemicals
- Montreal Protocol 1987
- What is causing carbon dioxide levels to increase?
- Greenhouse Effect
- Cools at earth's surface; small mineral crystals; cools fast
- Extrusive
- Hot body of magma under surface pushig upward (Hawai'i, Yellowstone Park)
- Hotspots
- Yong crust, where it is formed
- Mid-ocean ridge
- On average, how long do tornadoes last?
- 5-10 minutes (but up to 7.5 hours)
- Dates and locations of 90 degree sun angle for: summer solstice
- June 21, tropic of cancer
- Rise in sea level near the eye of a hurricane; up to 23 feet
- Storm surge
- Where is the ozone layer?
- Stratosphere
- What causes localized areas of low pressure?
- Rising air
- Partiall melted (flows), below lithosphere, in upper mantl
- Asthenosphere
- CO2 is what percent responsible for changes in climate?
- 64
- The temperature at which the air cannot hold anymore water vapor
- Dew Point Temperature
- Percent of water used for Industry
- 23
- Formed from magma/lava; looking/solidification of lava/magma
- Igneous
- What's the problem with the Ogallala Aquifer?
- Depletion
- Vertical movement of air
- Convection
- Formation of the solar system: Where did the material come from?
- Nebula
- Lense shape cloud, associated with mountains, don't move
- Lenticular
- CH4 is what percent responsible for changes in climate?
- 19
- Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens; has lava and tephra (ash --> rocks)
- Composite Volcano
- Negative consequences of overusing groundwater
- Run out, drill deeper wells (h20 table drops), expensive, dry up wetlands, land collapses
- Atmospheric lifting where cold front makes warm air rise
- Frontal uplift
- Examples of sedimentary rocks
- Sandstone, shale (mud)
- CFCs and Nitrous Oxide are what percent responsible for changes in climate?
- 17
- what percent of the earth is crust
- <1
- Fault -----><-------
- Reverse Fault
- What time of day are tornadoes most common?
- Late afternoon (4-6 pm)
- Major greenhouse gasses
- Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Nitrous Oxide, Water, CFCs
- Good conductor
- Metal
- Measure of the percent of incoming radiation reflected by an object
- Albedo
- Horizontal movement of air
- Advection
- What percent of the earth is mantle?
- 80
- What percentage of US drinking water comes from groundwater?
- 50%
- Clay rich soil, not fertile
- B Horizon Soil
- High precipitation =
- monsoon
- How much more groundwater is there than fresh surface water?
- 70x
- Each step up on the Richter scale is how many times bigger in wave amplitude?
- 10
- Land surface loses heat, temperature drops (conditions- calm, clear night)
- Radiation Fog
- Hot and dry air
- continental Tropical- heat waves
- The heat you sense
- Sensible Heat
- Why are urban environments warmer than rural environments?
- Less evaporation, Less wind, more absorption
- Large mass that will stop water from flowing out over flood plains
- Levees and Dikes
- Evidence of plate tectonics
- Puzzle pieces, fossiles, Age and magnetism of seafloor
- "horse tail" cloud
- Cirrus
- Pressure and cement of sediment grains
- Sedimentary
- Impermeable layer in an aquifer
- Aquiclude
- Poor conductors
- Styrofoa, air, wood
- Major cause of increased CO2 in atmosphere
- Burning fossil fuels
- A well that flows without pumping
- Artesian well
- Radiation traveling through atmosphere
- Transmission
- Oldest crust recycles back to mantle at a ______ ______
- subduction zone
- High pressure off the ocean travels towards low pressure on land (in the afternoon)
- Sea Breeze
- Underwater islands
- Seamounts
- What is the cause of the seasons?
- The angle at which the sun hits the earth
- Cold and dry air- associated with
- Continental Polar- Cold waves
- Fog that travels up mountains and accumulates at the top of mountains
- Upslope Fog
- High pressure in a valley travels towards low pressure on a mountain (in the afternoon)
- Valley Breeze
- Dates and locations of 90 degree sun angle: fall equinox
- September 21, equator
- This wavelength has a hard time getting through atmosphere
- Infrared Radiation
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone Stage 3
- Occluded front
- Uppermost level of the zone of saturation
- water table
- This wavelength gets through atmosphere easily
- Visible
- The part in the earth where the earthquake started
- Focus
- Formation of the solar system: How old is the earth?
- 4.5 Billion years
- What are CFCs used for?
- Refrigeration, Electronic Manufacturing
- How do we predict volcanic eruptions?
- Earthquakes, SO2, Swelling of Ground
- Date/definition of perihelion
- January 4, sun is closest to the sun (has nothing to do with seasons)
- Fluid lava, very large, not steep
- Shield Volcano
- At what date do we expect the ozone hole to be "healed"?
- 2100
- Fluid Lava =
- not many explosions (water)
- Dates and locations of 90 degree sun angle: winter solstice
- December 21, Tropic of capricorn
- Percentage of gasses in the atmosphere: Oxygen
- 20%
- Three driving forces in our atmosphere
- Pressure gradient, coriolis effect, friction force
- Top soil, most fertile, 2-18" deep
- A Horizon Soil
- What direction do moving objects move in Northern Hemisphere?
- Curve right
- The ogallala aquifer runs through the great plains, which states?
- South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas
- Stratus means
- layer
- Factors Affecting Earth's Temperature
- Latitude, Cloud Cover, Altitude, Marine/Continental Climate
- Halo around the sun (and moon)
- Cirrostratus
- Nothing impedes water flow from surface to aquifer
- Unconfined aquifer
- Cools under earth's surface; large crystals; cools slow
- Intrusive
- Erosion of soil in the US
- 17 tons/ hectare/ year
- nimbus means
- violent rain
- Percent of water used for agriculture
- 69
- Used to tell the directions of wind in clouds (are they spinning?); 20 minutes before funnel cloud
- Doppler Radar
- Cumulus means
- heap
- Atmospheric lifting where warm air rises
- Convectional uplift
- What starts the initial rotation of winds in a tornado?
- Windshear (fast moving air over slow moving air starts horizontal rotation of air)
- cirrus means
- curl of hair
- Secondary waves (shear waves); cannot go through liquids
- S Waves
- By-product of drinking water chlorination; affects liver, kidneys, and may cause cancer
- trihalomethanes
- What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms?
- Cumulonimbus
- Bending of light
- Refraction
- Grey clouds, uniform, boring, no precipitation, maybe a little mist
- Stratus
- The Richter Scale measures what?
- Wave Amplitude, Energy
- High pressure off the land travels towards low pressure on the ocean (in the evening)
- land breeze
- Each step up on the Richter Scale is how many times bigger in energy?
- 31.5
- What causes breakdown of the ozone layer?
- CFCs
- Mid elevation clouds
- Altostratus, Altocumulus
- <----- ----->, mid ocean ridges
- Divergent
- Atmospheric lifting at ITCZ zone
- Convergent uplift
- Plates sliding past each other, San Andreas Fault, CA
- Transform
- Large, intrusive igneous body; forms mountain ranges
- Batholith
- Eye of the hurricane =
- calm
- How are raindrops formed?
- Collision and Coalescence (2 water droplets collie and make a bigger one)
- What month is #1 for tornadoes?
- May (5/day on average)
- What percent of the earth is core?
- 20
- Caused by household plumbing and rock; retards physical and mental development
- Lead
- What is the primary source of oxygen in our atmosphere?
- Photosynthesis
- Divides cold polar air from warmer subtropical air
- Polar Jet Stream
- Percentage of gasses in the atmosphere: Carbon Dioxide
- <1%
- How do we know the earth is put together by these layers?
- Seismic waves (seismology)
- Properties of an aquifer which make it productive
- Porosity (Large porosity for holding h20 eg sand), High permeability
- Examples of igneous rocks
- Basalt, Granite
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone Stage 2
- Open Stage (cold and warm front, separate)
- Average diameter of a tornado at ground
- 100-300 meters (largest= 2.5 miles)
- What type of phenomea produces sky color?
- Scattering of blue light
- Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate
- 6C/1000m
- How warm is Earth likely to get by 2100?
- 10.4 F
- An area of ground water that can be utilized
- Aquifer
- Atmospheric lifiting over a mountain
- orographic uplift
- Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
- 10C/1000m
- High elevation clouds
- Cirrocumulus, Cirrus, Cirrostratus
- Percent of water used for Domestic/Municipal
- 9
- Jetstream at 25-30 lat
- Subtropical Jet Stream
- Dates and locations of 90 degree sun angle: Spring Equinox
- March 21, equator
- Cool and moist air
- Maritime Polar- Pacific NW winter
- What type of phenomena produces rainbows?
- Reflection and Refraction
- Cold front overtakes a warm front (cold frons move faster than warm fronts); intense rain and snow
- Occluded Front
- Where surfect water is swept away from a coast, either by surface divergence (induced by the Coriolis force) or by offshore wins, an ______ ______ occurs
- Upwelling Current
- Viscous Lavas =
- large, exposive eruption (blowing in a milkshake with a straw)
- Cold air rams into warm air, makes warm air rise; makes storms
- Cold Front
- Date/definition of aphelion
- July 4, sun is farthest away from the sun (has nothing to do with seasons)
- The apparent temperature felt on exposed skin, which is a function of the air temperature and wind speed
- Wind Chill
- It takes lightening ___ seconds to travel 1 mile
- 5
- Energy is absorbed, then re-radiated in all directions
- Scattering
- What direction do moving objects move in Southern Hemisphere
- Curve left
- Fault <----- ------>, upfaults and down faults, middle= down, Seen in Nevada!
- Normal Fault
- Jetstream at 33-55 lat
- Polar Jet Stream