chapter 6 psych
Terms
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- learning
- a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience; physiological event
- learning changes
- maturation and experience, short term changes in performance and actual learning
- 3 ways we learn
- classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
- classical conditioning
- discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
- classical conditioning terms
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response(UR), Conditioned Stimulus(CS), Conditioned Response(CR)
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
- Unconditioned Response (UR)
- an unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned Response (CR)
- the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US association
- 3 ways classical conditioning is important in human emotional learning
- Phobia, sexual fetish,
- phobia
- unreasonable fear
- sexual fetish
- sexual urges and fantasies centered around non living objects
- stimulus generalization
- occurs when a conditioned response gollows a stiulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
- Stimulus discrimination
- ability to differentiate between stimuli - different bells
- Generalization
- descrimination
- extinction
- occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears; nightmares
- spontaneous recovery
- re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
- interpretation of classical conditioning
- not reflex, information theory - rescorla
- operant conditioning
- voluntary response is weakened or strengthened, depending on its favorable response
- Edward Thorndike
- cat in puzzle box, responses for satisfying more (more repeated)
- B.F. Skinner
- reinforcement - if consequence is something you want you'll do it again
- primary reinforcer
- satisfies biological need and works naturally
- secondary reinforcer
- becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement (money=value)
- positive reinforcement
- response is followed by a stimulus - study = good grades
- negative reinforcement
- removes stimulus or avoids stimulus - beeping = seatbelt
- punishment
- decreases probability it will happen again
- positive punishment
- unpleasant - decreases
- negative punishment
- removal of something pleasant decreases probability
- continuous reinforcement
- everytime; always money at atm
- partial reinforcement
- intermittant; do not always get it - best on behavior
- fixed interval schedule
- paid on saturday; rates of response low
- variable interval
- time between reinforcement varis around some average rather than being fixed
- fixed ratio schedule
- given after certain amount of responses
- variable ratio schedule
- given after varying number of responses rather than fixed number; commission
- interval
- time based
- variable
- time; fishing
- fixed ratio
- # of responses - commission
- variable ratio
- # of responses - slot machine
- shaping behavior
- teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
- chaining
- used to teach a complex sequence of behaviors; dog rolling over, last behavior=best behavior
- S-R theory
- idea that responses are mechanical and don't require conscious processes
- latent learning
- expectancies, a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it
- cognitive map
- an organisms mental representation of the structure of physical space
- insight learning
- a form of problem solving in which an organism develops a sudden understanding of a problems solution
- observational learning
- learning through observing behavior of another person called a model