Psychology - chapter 5
Terms
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- learning
- the modification of preexisting behavior and understanding
- classical conditioning
- a procedure in which a neutral stimulis is paired with a stimulis that elicts a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elict a similar response
- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- a stimulus that elicts a response without conditioning
- unconditioned response
- the automatic, unlearned reflexive reaction to a stimulus
- Conditioned stimulus (Cs)
- an originally neutral stimulus that now elictsa conditioned response
- Condtioned Response (CR)
- the response elicted by the conditioned stimulus
- Extinction
- the gradual disappearnce of a conmdtional response
- Reconditioning
- the relearning of a conditioned response following an extinction
- Spontaneous Recovery
- the temporary reapperance of a conditioned response after extinction
- Stimulus Generalization
- a process in which a conditioned response is elicted by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus
- Stimulus Discrimination
- A process through which people learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriatly to each one
- Second order Conditioning
- a process in which a conditioned stimulus acts like an unconditioned stimulus creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it
- Habituation
- reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
- Law of effect
- a law stating that if response made in the prescense of a particular stimulus is rewarded the same response is more likely to occur when that stimulus is encountered again
- Operant Conditioning
- a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing concequences
- Operant
- a response that has some effet on the world
- reinforcer
- a stimulus event that increases the probability that the response immediatly preceding it will occur again
- Positive Reinforcers
- stimuli that strengthen a respose if they follow that response
- negative Reinforcers
- the removal of unpleasent stimuli such as pain that strengthens responses that precede the removal
- Escape Conditioning
- the process of learning responses that terminate an aversive stimulus
- Shaping
- the reienforcement of responses that come successivly closer to some desired response
- Primary rienforcers
- events or stimuli that satisfy physiological needs basic to survival
- Secondary Rienforcers
- rewards that people or animals learn to like
- Partial Reinforcement extinction Effect
- a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under partial reienforcement schedule are more difficult to extingish than those learned on a continous rienforcemenrt schedule
- Punishment
- the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasent one following some behavior
- Learned helplessness
- a process in which a person or animal stops trying to eexert control after experience suggests that no control is possible
- Latent learning
- learning that is not demostarted at the time it occurs
- cognitive map
- a mental representation of the enviroment
- Insight
- an understamding about what is required to porduce a desired effect
- Observational learning
- learning by watching the behavior of others
- Vicarious Conditioning
- a Kind of observational learning though which a person is influenced by watching or hearing about the consequences of others behavior