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Bio. Unit Test Study Sheet Vocab.

the study sheet stuff handed out on 12-4-07.

Terms

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vascular cylinder
center region of the root that hass the vascular cells
palisades mesophyll
absorbs the light that enters the leaf
transpiration
water loss through the stomata in the form of water vapor
root cap
protects the root as it pushes the way through soil
phototrophism
a plant response to light
bark
all tissues outside the vascular cambium
dermal tissue
one of the three main types of plant tissue; found on outside; includes the cuticle and the epidermis; contains a layer of epidermal cells
guard cells
control the stomata's opening and closing
short-day plants
plants that germinate and flower when days are short
internodes
area of a plant between nodes
secondary root
all roots except for primary root
endodermis
area after the cortex and before the veins
capillary action
when water in a tube is caused to rise due to adhesion
woody stems
stems that last really long; made out of wood
germination
early growth of a plant embryo
monocot
angiosperms containing a single cotyledon
vessel elements
stack up on top of each other like tin cans; found in the xylem
pith
parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue; within dicots
root hairs
increase surface area for maximum water and nutrient absorption
herbaceous stems
stems that last for a short time (less than 2 years)
hormone
something produced in one part of the organism that affects another part
lateral buds
plant buds that make side branches as they grow
gibberellins
hormone that increases size usually in the fruit or stem
photoperiodism
when plants respond to periods of light
thigmotrophism
plant response to touch
auxins
hormone that stimulate cell elongation
fruit
any seed that is enclosed inside an ovary wall; usually emerges from a flower
sieve tube elements
found in phloem; stacked end to end; have holes so materials can get in and out of the phloem
heartwood
part of wood that contains non-functioning xylem; still used for support
petiole
veins running through from the leaf to the stem
stomata (stoma)
where gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are exchanged
dicot
angiosperms containing 2 ctyledons
sapwood
part of wood that has functioning xylem; lighter than heartwood
stems
a plant organ that is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots and the stems and vise versa; it also protects animals against predators and disease; holds up leaves and branches
apical dominance
the process by which the lateral buds toward the top take longer to grow because they have more auxins due to they are closer to the apical meristem
secondary growth
when stems grow in width to support branches and leaves; takes place in vascular cambium and cork cambium
target cell
thing that triggers a hormone; usually a protein
primary growth
when a living thing grows at the tips of its roots and stems, making it taller; takes place in all seed plants by the apical meristem
sclerenchyma
part of ground tissue; thick and rigid cell walls
meristematic tissue
plant tissue that does not have a specific job yet; undifferentiated
adhesion
attraction between unlike molecules
spongy mesophyll
empty spaces that gas can get into
epidermal cells
layer of cells taht make up the cuticle and helps with water absorption on roots
ethlene
hormone that ripens fruit; released in response to auxins
casparian strip
water proof strip that doesn't allow water out of the xylem and phloem
xylem
made up of vessel elements and tracheid cells; responsible for movement of water
companion cells
found in phloem; surround seive tube element, regulating the materials that are exchanged
apical meristem
undifferentiated cells taht divide using mitosis; found on the stem tip and the roots
leaves
responsible for photosynthetic processes, including gas exchange and light that is absorbed; tries to protect against water loss
vascular tissue
a type of plant tissue; makes up veins (xylem and phloem)
cork cambium
produces outer covering of stem
angiosperms
flowering plants
parenchyma
main type of ground tissue; have thin cell walls and large vacuoles; packed with chloroplasts when found in leaves
pressure flow hypothesis
theory that states that movement in the phloem is caused by diffusion and osmosis; also states movement can happen in both ways
ground tissue
make up the "rest" of the plant tissue; three main types are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
phloem
made up of seive tube elements and companion cells; responsible for movement of water and dissolved substances, usually water
meristems
responsible for plant growth
long day plants
plants that germinate and flower when days are long
photocryome
plant pigment that is responsible for photoperiodism
buds
area where leaf and node meet; could be a new leaf
tracheid cells
long cells that are impermeable to water; found in the xylem
blades
the flattened section of a leaf
taproot system
root system, mainly found in dicots, in which the primary root is the biggest
active transport
movement through a membrane using energy
cortex
spongy ground tissue found in root below endodermis
trophisms
response to external stimulus
diffusion
the movement of a substance from and area of high to an area of low concentration
fibrous root system
root system, mainly found in monocots, in which the secondary root is as big as the primary root
vascular cambium
produces vascular tissue inside a stem
essential nutrients
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium
cytokinins
hormone that is produced in growing roots and seeds; stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, and causes seeds to sprout
roots
a plant organ that anchors the plant, prevents soil erosion, absorbs water and nutrients, and protects from soil bacteria and fungi
primary root
root that first from seed
nodes
area of a stem where the leaves are attached
mesophyll
bulk of leaf; where photosynthesis occurs
abscission layer
layer of cells that the plant seperates itself from the stem
dormancy
when an embryo is live but not active
trace elements
elements needed in small quantities for a plant to live; too much kills a plant
vascular bundles
area containing a phloem and xylem
collenchyma
part of ground tissue; thicker, more flexible cell walls; aka "the strings in celery"
differentiation
when cells mature nad are given a certain cell function
geotrophism
a plant response to gravity
herbicides
compounds that are toxic to plants
osmosis
diffusion of water through a membrane

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