Psych Prep Key Terms- Assessment
Terms
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- norm v. criterion referenced score
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norm referenced: provides information on how a person performed relative to others in the group (e.g., percentile)
criterion referenced: provides information on how much of the content a person has mastered (e.g., percentage) - objective v. subjective tests
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objective tests: does not rely on the rater's subjective judgment for scoring
subjective tests: involve some element of the rater's judgment - normative v. ipsative score
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normative score: tells us how someone performed relative to others
ipsative score: provides information on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the person only, and does not compare the person to others - empirical criterion keying
- a process for selecting items to be used in a test, involving keying the items to an external criterion that differentiates b/w people who have/don't have a particular trait (MMPI)
- "g factor"
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Spearman proposed that intelligence is a single factor
Cattell agreed but added that this factor includes two subtypes (fluid and crystallized)
Cattell-Horn-Carroll agreed but added that this factor is 1 of 3 stratum that also include 10 broad cognitive abilities and 70 narrow cogntive abilities - Spearman v. Thurstone v. Catell v. Gardner v. Sternberg
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Spearman: g-factor only
Thurstone: 7 primary mental abilities
Catell: g-factor with subtypes fluid and crystallized
Gardner: multiple intelligences
Sternberg: process rather than product - WAIS-III factors
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Verbal Comprehension: vocab, similarities, information
Perceptual Organization: picture completion, block design, matrix reasoning
Working Memory: arithmetic, digit span, letter-number
Processing Speed: digit-symbol coding, symbol search - WISC-IV factors
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verbal comprehension: similarities, vocab, comprehension
perceptual reasoning: block design, picture concepts, matrix reasoning, object assembly
working memory: digit span, letter-number
processing speed: coding, symbol search, cancellation - pattern or scatter analysis on WAIS or WISC
- looks at discrepancies b/w subtests, has not been found to be valid for making dx's, can result in too many false positives as measurement error alone can account for differences
- when to use PIQ v. VIQ
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low SES: VIQ may underestimate intelligence
culture or ESL: VIQ may underestimate intelligence
impaired motor functioning: PIQ may underestimate intelligence - L, F, and K on MMPI
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L (lie scale): naive attempt to present self in favorable light
F (infrequency or fake bad scale): high scores suggest psychotic processes, tremendous distress, cry for help, malingering
K (defensiveness scale): high scores suggest a more sophisticated attempt to present self in favorable light, low scores suggests excessive openness and poor ego strength - confabulation on Rorschach
- a special score that involves generalizing from one area of the blot to the entire blot (e.g., this is a claw so it must be a lobster), typically seen in persons with cognitive deficits such as MR or brain damage