Intro to communications: Basic punctuation rules
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- 5 rules for when to use the apostrophe
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1. Ownership
2. contractions
3. Pluralize letter's / #'s
4. Stand in for #'s
5. expressions of time - 3 steps to the writing process
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1. Pre-writing
2. Writing
3. Re-write - Generating writing ideas
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1. Freewriting
2. Brainstorming
3. Clustering/ Mapping
4. Asking questions
5. Journal - Independent clause
- Can stand alone as a complete idea and can be written as a simple sentence(main clause)
- Dependent Clause
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Can't stand alone as a sentence, makes no sense by itself
example: When Flora arrives. (this makes no sense by itself. - Clause
- Subject + verb to form a complete thought
- How can an independent clause be joined to another independent clause
- Join two Independent clauses together with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
- Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
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For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So - Subordinating Conjunctions
- (depends on an independent clause to complete its meaning) after, because, when, whenever, before, as, if, until, while, although
- Describe when a comma should separate a subordinate (dependent clause) and a main clause (independent clause)
- A comma should separate if the subordinate is before the main. If the main clause comes first there is no comma.
- Rules for comma usage #1
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Lists, items in a series
Do not use commas when the items are joined by and or or: I enjoy biking and skating and swimming. - rules for comma usage #2
- Introductory phrases- more than 2 words transitional phrases- an aside w/in the sentence parenthetical expressions
- rules for comma usage #3
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Commas for appositives
-rename or describe nouns or pronouns - rules for comma usage #4
- nonrestrictive and restrictive clauses
- Minor uses for comma usage (5)
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1.Dates & addresses
2.yes/no
3.when addressing someone directly and naming the person.
4.contrasting
5. interjections - Relative clause: what is it? Name two types of relative clauses.
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(Who, which, or that) modify noun/ pronoun; makes the sentence more complex
1.non restrictive
2.restrictive clause - Non restrictive
- NOT essential to the meaning of a sentence. It does not restrict or provide vital information about the word it modifies. (Must use a comma)
- restrictive clause
- Essential to the meaning of a sentence no comma; restricts the meaning of the word it refers to.
- 5 steps to writing a paragraph
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1 narrow topic
2 writing topic sentence
3 generating idea for the body
4 Selecting and dropping idea
5 arrange ideas in a plan or outline - Topic sentence
- Main idea for the paragraph
- Rules for Semi-colon
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1 join two main clauses
2 takes place of a conjunction
(either side of a semi-colon must have two complete sentences) - Conjunctive adverb
- Placed after the semi colon helps to clarify the relationship between two clauses; However, furthermore, indeed, in fact, then,,,,
- Capitalize titles
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1.Always capitalize 1st and last word of title
2.Don't capitalize short conjunctions
3.Don't capitalize short prepositions - Underline
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Underline titles of long works
1.books
2. newspapers & magazines
3.television
4. plays
5. record albums
6. Operas
7. Films - Direct Quotations
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1. proceeded by a comma/ colon
2. first letter of direct quote is capitalized
3. period alwys goes inside quotation marks - Colon usage
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1. to show a direct quote will follow
2. to introduce lists
3. separate chapter/ verse in bible
4. Hour and min - Parenthesis
- phrase or word not essential to the sentence (could also use commas)
- Dash
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1. emphasize sentence
2. Interrupt sentence - Coherence
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1. Time (transitional words)
2. Space order (discription, directions..)
3. Order of importance - 3 things to think of when beginning a writing assignment
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1. subject
2. audience
3. purpose - Subject of a sentence
- is the who or what word that performs the action or the who or what word about which a statement is made
- Compound Subject
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some sentences have more than one subject, joined by and:
Her aunt and uncle love country music. - Prepositional phrase
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contains a preposition and its object
Example: the sweaters in the window look handmade.
-in the window is the prepositional phrase - Action verb
- describes the action that the subject is performing.
- Linking verb
- Links the subject to words that describe or identify it
- Words that are always capitalized?
- Names, nationalities, religions, races, languages, countries, cities, months, days of the week, documents, organizations, and holidays.
- Words that are capitalized only when used as a proper noun?
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Streets, buildings, historical events, titles, and family relationships
-don't capitalize the same words when they are used as common nouns. - Do you capitalize directions?
- No, only geographic locations
- Do you capitalize academic subjects?
- Only if the academic subject is referred to by the specific name and numer course.