PHS1 2 CHEMISTRY FINAL
Terms
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define
REACTION RATE - determines the speed of a chemical reaction
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define
ENERGY OF ACTIVATION - E sub(a) - energy required for the inital bond breaking
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define
EXOTHERMIC REACTION - net release of energy (hot)
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define
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION - net absorption (cold)
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BOND ENERGY - either absorbed as a bond breaks, or released as a bond forms - energy
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formula:
energy of a reaction - Esub(rxn [kJ/mol]) = Esub(formation/products [molxE kJ]) - Esub(breaking/reactants [molxE kJ + molxE kJ])
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formula:
molar mass - m [g] = n [mol] x M [g/mol]
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formula:
concentration
percent weight (volume concentration) - concentration [%] = (volume or mass of solute) / (volume or mass of solution) x (100% solution) = % solute
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formula:
concentration
Molarity (mass) - C concentration of solution [g/L] = m [g] / V [L]
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formula:
concentration
Molarity (mol) - C concentration of solution [mol/L or M] = n [mol] / V [L]
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formula:
# of neutrons in a nucleus - # of neutrons = mass number - atomic number = (# protons + # neutrons) - (# protons)
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rule:
atoms are neutral, therefore.. - #protons = #electrons
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rule:
properties of elements - size decreases from left to right and from bottom to top
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rule:
electronegativity -
en increases from left to right and from bottom to top
(F en = 4) -
define:
metals -
most of the elements in the table
shiny, opaque, good electrical & heat conductors, can change form, can bend without breaking -
define:
nonmetals - poor conductors, nonmalleable, nonductile
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define:
metalloids - semi-conductors, weak electrical conductors
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groups/categories:
halogens/halides -
F, Cl, Br, I
group 17 -
groups/categories:
noble gases - He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
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groups/categories:
transition metals - groups 3 to 12
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groups/categories:
alkali metals - group 1
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groups/categories:
non-alkali metals - group 2
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formula:
quantum concept - E [J] = h [Js] x f [Hz or 1/s]
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define:
Planck's constant - h = 6.63 x 10^-34 Js
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define:
electron volt - eV = 1.6 x 10^-19 J
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formula:
energy of excited states/orbits -
Esub(n) = Esub(1) / n^2
Esub(1) depends on the atom - will be energy level of orbit #1
Esub(n) depends on the level/orbit/shell -
define:
quantum numbers -
1. n - main energy level
2. energy sublevel - s,p,d,f
3. orientation
s - 1 orientation
p - 3 orientations
d - 5 orientations
f - 7 orientations
4. direction of spin -
rule:
naming compounds -
1. name of element further to the left is followed by the name of the element further to the right, with the suffix "-ide" added to the name of the latter
2. when 2 or more compounds have different numbers of the same elements, prefixes are added to remove the ambiguity -
rule:
valence electrons must be.. - ..in s & p orbitals
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rule:
determining the type of ion an atom needs to form - 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0
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define:
ionic bonds - electron transfer
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define:
covalent bonds - electron sharing
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rule/definition:
electronegativity & types of bonds -
EN = type of bond
0-.5 = covalent
.5-1.8 = polar covalent
1.8 < = ionic -
define:
particles in nuclear equations -
particle (mass,charge)symbol
proton 1,1H or 1,1p
electron 0,-1e or 1,1B
neutron 1,0n
gamma photon 0,0y -
rule:
distance at or below nuclear force is significant - 10^-15m
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acids
-accept?
-donate? - -donate
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bases
-accept?
-donate? - -accept
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formula:
pH constant - K = [Hsub(3)O^+] x [OH^-] = 1 x 10^-14 M
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rule:
acidic solution - H3O+ > OH-
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rule:
basic solution - H3O+ < OH-
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formula:
pH -
pH = -log[H3O+]
10^[H3O+]