Sociology Final
Terms
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- coercion
- illegitimate power is called this
- political action committee (PAC)
- an organization formed by one or more special interest groups to solicit and spend funds for the purpose of influencing legislation
- functional perspective of government
- the people give the government a monopoly on violence so that it can protect them, but the governments sometimes use it to exploit them
- winner take all
- the political election system in america, opposite of proportional representation
- social placement
- education funnels people into societys positions
- corporate welfare
- the financial incentives to either get a corporation to move or stay somewhere
- cult
- a new religion with few followers whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion
- profane
- common elements of every day
- politics
- power relations wherever they exist, micro and macro
- credential society
- the use of diplomas and degree to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree me be irrelevant to the actual work
- inflation
- caused by issuing more currency than the GDP
- convergence theory
- there is not a sequence to the development of nations, they can skip stages to get to industrialization
- gemeinschaft
- rural, close knit community
- capitalism
- 1. private ownership of the means of production 2. market competition 3. pursuit of profit
- totalitarianism
- the government has total control of the people
- power elite
- the top people in US corporations, military, and government who make the nations major decisions
- socialist ideology
- profit is immoral, it is the excess value that has been withheld from the workers
- modernization
- the transfer of traditional societies into industrial society
- fiat money
- currency issued by the government that has nothing to back it up
- patrilineal
- system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side
- social promotion
- pasing students on to the next level even though they have not thoroughly mastered basic materials
- serial fatherhood
- monogamous relationships one after the other
- family of orientation
- the family you grow up in
- representative democracy
- representatives are chosen to express opinions and make decisions
- social class in religion
- status consistency in religion, americans who change their social class also have a tendency to change their religion
- ecclesia
- a religious group so integrated into th edominant culter that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off
- deposit receipt
- a certain amount of goods are held in storage to give this value
- oligarchy
- the power is held by few
- state religion
- government sponsered religion
- centrist parties
- the political party that represents the center of public opinion
- oligopoly
- rule of an industry by a few large corporations
- leisure
- decreasing in america, peaks in childhood, bottoms out in parenthood
- secularization of religion
- the replacement o fa religions spiritual concerns with worldly concerns can lead to the splintering of a religious group
- democratic socialism
- a hybrid economic system which capitalism is mixed with state ownership
- cosmology
- teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world
- subsistence economy
- human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus
- reasons for family
- 1 economic production 2 socialization of children 3 care of sick and aged 4 recreation 5 sexual control 6 reproduction
- prodestant ethic
- the desire to accumulate capital as a duty not to spend it but as an end in itself, and to constantly reinvest it
- special interest group
- a group of people who support a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action
- charismatic authority
- an individual who attracts followers based on outstanding traits, hitler, joan of arc
- gatekeeping
- the process bu with education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education
- secular
- belonging to the world and its affairs
- charisma
- an extrodinary gift from god, magnetic personality
- dictatorship
- and individual holds all the power
- fundamentalism
- the belief that true religion is threatedned bu modernism and its calues and that faith as it was originally practiced should be restored
- correspondence principle
- the sociological principle that schools correspond to the social structure of their society
- capitalist ideology
- market forces should determine products and prices, profit is good for humanity
- functional equivalent
- in this context a substitute that serves the same functions like AA for religion
- empty nest
- a married couples position after all the children leave, 42% of all us 24 - 29 yr olds are living with their parents
- environmental injustice
- pollution of the environment affecting minorities and the poor the most
- traditional authority
- based on customs, hallmark of tribal politics
- proportional representation
- seats in legislature are divided according to the proportion of votes that each party recieves
- tracking
- the sort of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or precieved abilities
- routinization of charisma
- leadership transfer from charismatic leader to either traditional or rational legal authority
- global division of labor
- international depends for goods, each region doing their part
- family of procreation
- the family you create
- corporate capitalism
- the domination of the economic system bu giant corporations
- system of descent
- how kinship is traced over the generations
- egalitarian
- authority more or less equally divided between people or groups in this instance between husband and wife
- quiet revolution
- the changes that happen when tons of women enter the work force
- sect
- a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society
- authority
- legitimate power is called this
- matriarchy
- system of society in which females dominate
- stagnant paychecks
- paychecks are increasing, but their buying power is not
- non-centrist parites
- discouraged by winner take all system, political parties that represent less popular ideas
- denomination
- a brand name within a major religion, for example, methodist or baptist
- interlocking directorates
- the same people serving on the same board of directors for several companies
- cohabitation
- ten times as common as it was 30 yrs ago, unmarried couples living together
- hidden cirriculum
- the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms
- universal citizenship
- the idea that everyone has the same basic rights by virtue of being born in a country
- conditions of war
- 1. antagonistic situation in which two or more states confront incompatible objectives 2. cultural tradition of war 3. fuel that heats the antagonistic situation to a point where politicians actually wage war Revengy power prestige unity position ethnicity beliefs
- least industrialized education
- even if mandatory education laws exist, they are not enforced
- blended family
- a family whose members were once part of other families
- stored value
- currency has good stored to back up its value
- mandatory education laws
- laws that require all children to attend school until a specified ago or until they complete a minimum grade in school
- dumanization
- required in war, degradation of people to objects
- church
- moral community of believers, organized, formal sevices
- extended family
- dysfunction and feelings of isolation can be felt in nuclear families because they aren't an
- functional illiterate
- a high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math
- bilateral
- a system of reckoning descent that counts both the mothers and father's side
- machismo
- and emphasis on male strength, sexual vigor, and dominance, prevalent in latino families
- lobbyists
- people who influence legislation on behalf of their clients, a lot of times they are people who had formerly had governmental positions
- underground economy
- exchange of goods and services not reported to the government, drugs largest source
- direct democracy
- everyone can meet to make decision
- grade inflation
- higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning
- conspicuous consumption
- a change from the prodestant ethic to an eagerness to show off wealth by the consumption of goods
- dialectical process
- each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradicitons, or antitheses, which must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions, and so on. -----> basically this means each ruling groups sows its own seeds of destruction
- gross domestic product (GDP)
- the amount of goods and services produced by a nation, forms a practical limit on the amount of paper money issued by a government
- matrilineal
- system of reckoning descent that counts only the mothers side
- conflict perspective religion
- religion teaches taht the existing social arrangements of a society represent what god desires, opiate of the masses, help workers be okay with their position
- rational legal authority
- authority based on law or written rules and regulations, also called bureaucratic authority
- convergence theory
- capitalism and socialism are inevitably merging
- ecosabotage
- messing up the people who legally harm the environment
- anarchy
- a condition of lawlessness and disorder caused by the absence of a government
- homogamy
- the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry eachother
- welfare or state capitalism
- individuals own the means of production but the government regulates the economy for the welfare of the population
- pluralism
- the separation of power among many government groups to prevent one from having too much power
- romantic love
- sexual attraction and idealization
- animism
- the belief that objects have spirits
- coalition government
- a government in which a country's largest party aligns itself with one or more smaller parties
- market forces
- the law of supply and demand
- terrorism
- violence and threat of violence to meet political demands
- civil religion
- religion that is such a established feature of society that the country's institutions and history are part of it
- laissez faire capitalism
- government doesn't interfere with market, not what the US does
- patriarchy
- system of society in which males dominate
- market restraints
- laws and regulations that limit the capacity to manufacture and sell products
- socialism
- 1. public ownership of means of production 2. central planning 3. the distribution of goods without profit motive