MICROBIOLOGY--LAB PRACTICAL 2
Terms
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- Why is a streak plate used?
- to isolate colonies
- the act of cohabitation
- symbiosis
- the production of pigment
- chromogenesis
- a mass of identical cells derived form a common descendent
- pure culture
- Why must we flame between each inoculation?
- To not contaminate and to try to obtain a pure culture
- microorganisms found in the human body
- microflora
- What is an opportunistic microorganism?
- An organism that takes advantage when the host is comprimised such as when the immune system is weakend. (high stress, pregnacy, improper diet, and/or illness)
- name an example of opportunistic microorganism
- Candidas Albicans
- disease causing
- pathogenic
- name a few pathogenic organisms that can be isolated form the human throat
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Neisseria
Steptococcus
Stapylococcus
Haemophilus - Which pathogen found in the throat would cause acute pharyngitis(and pneumonia)
- streptococcus
- What kind of agar was used during the throat swabing lab and why?
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Blood agar
because we are looking for a hemolytic reaction. - What are the two kind of hemolytic reactions that happen in blood agar?
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Alpha
Beta
If you see one of these two reactions you know that you are looking for a human pathogen - An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
- Catalase
- Do all bacteria have catalase?
- No, it is a biochemical characteristic.
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RESULTS:
A positive for catalase - Bubbling
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RESULTS:
A negative for catalase - No bubbling
- What is used to test for catalase?
- Hydrogen peroxide
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What does catalse do?
Who has them? -
It helps neutralize free radicals in the cell.
We have them and bacterial cells have them -
What is a beta hemolytic reaction?
vs. alpha hemolytic -
completly destroying the RBC's
vs.
partially destroying the RBC'S --denaturing the hemoglobin. -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
What was added to the gas pack? - water
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
What was released after the water was added to the gas pack? - carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
The was the purpose of the two gases being released from the gas pack? - For the hydrogen gas to be release to react with all the oxygen to get rid of al the remaining oxygen. --It is turned into water. (obligate anaerobes dont like oxygen)It produced a lot of condensation in the jar.
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
What is needed to complete the reaction? - palladium pellets
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
What do palladium pellets do? - They are a enzyme catalyst that speed up the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen to turn it into water.
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
indicates the presense or lack of oxygen in an anaerobic jar - methylene blue strip
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
RESULTS-for methylene blue strip
A. presense of oxygen
B. lack of oxygen -
A. blue
B. water -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
What are three ways that can determine anaerobic conditions? -
1. condensation
2. anaerobic agar
3. methylene blue strip
They are all indicators -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
RESULTS:
Anaerobic Agar
Initially what color is it (in the presence of oxygen)?
In the absense of oxygen what color is it? -
A. It is green
B. clear -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
What other special media was used? - Thio glyco llate
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
What was the color of Thioglycllate on the very surface? - Pink
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
Why was thioglycollate pink on the surface? -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
It has an oxygen indicator--where ever oxygen diffuese into the media it turns pink. -
21-Culturing Anaerobes
Why is thioglycollate used with obligate anaerobics? - It is used because it is very viscous. Because it is difficult for oxygen to go to the bottom.
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
Name one obligate anaerobe - Clostridium butyricum
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
bacteria requiring oxygen as the final electron acceptor - Obligate aerobes
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
bacteria unable to tolerate oxygen, oxygen is toxic to these organisms. they grow by fermentation using an organic molecule as the final electron receptor or by anaerobic resperation. - OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
bacteria able to use electron as the final electron acceptor or by an anaerobic. OR in the absense of oxygen , they can switch ti fermentation or anaerobic respiration - Facultive anaerobes
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21-Culturing Anaerobes
unable to grow in oxygen concentrations of ambient air. Love just a tiny bit of oxygen because they have very little SOD and catalase very low concentrations - microaerophiles
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Mycology
What was the purpose of the lab? about
Colony formation -
To transfer fungus sabourauds dextrose agar plates
Characteristics? Furry,the bottom and the side of the colony were different. -
Mycology-
What was the purpose of the tease prep?
What were the three different types? -
To prepare a slide
To look at the reproductive structures that fungi produce. (reproductive structures)
1. Rhizopus
2. Penicillium
3. Soraria -
Mycology
A sexual
has-sporangium and sporangiospores. - Rhizopus (see the picture/microscope on test)
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Mycology
A sexual
has- condiospores - penicillium (hard to find most likly not on test)
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Mycology
Sexual Reproduction
has-Ascus and ascus spores (look like oblong sporangium) structures are a result of mating - Sordaria (she has prepared slide probably on test)
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Mycology
What is the back up for the tease prep? Why? -
Ridel prep-purpose is identical of tease prep.
Why? Because everything remains intact. -
Mycology
What is needed to put together a ridel prep?
Why is water used? -
straw
slide
cover slip
water
petri plate
--Water is used because for moisture. -
Mycology
T or F Fungi love nice dark moist places - True
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Mycology
What is used to differentiate between yeast?
What did we use this test for? -
chrome agar
We used this test to differentiate between three types of candidas -
Mycology
Know the differences between candidas?
Candidas albicans, C. tropicalis, C. Kruzi -
Candidas albicans-green
c. tropicalis-purple
c. kruzi- beige with pink tint -
Microbrew
What was added to make the beer? -
water
flavoring hops
malt
priming sugar (mid way) -
Microbrew
Why was flavoring hops added? - flavor and aroma
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Microbrew
What yeast was added? - S. cerevisiae
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Microbrew
Why was malt added? - It was added as a food and energy source for the yeast.
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Microbrew
What was the original source of the malt? - Barley--sometimes wheat is used.
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Microbrew
Why was priming sugar added? -
For carbonation to create the bubbles ( the foam on the top of the beer)
**midway** -
Microbrew
what does specific gravity measure? -
The alchol content. (the index reading was 1.01)
**midway** -
Microbrew
What was the whole purpose of the lab? - Fementation
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Microbrew
Is fementation an aerobic or anaerobic? - anaerobic
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Microbrew
What is the final electron acceptor in this kind of metabolism? (The fementation process) - An organic molecule
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Microbrew
What electron acceptor is it using in this casse? - acetal formaldehyde
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Microbrew
what are two by products of fementation? - ethenal and carbon dioxide
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Microbrew
What is the final end product of fementation? - ethenal
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Microbrew
How many ATPs do you get from fermentation? from one molecule? - 2
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Microbrew
Trenda what is wort? - hmm
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
(will set out plates on lab-know the 3 plates) -
Starch agar
milk agar
Tributyrin agar -
Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
which of the three agar do you need iodine to complete the read out? - Starch agar
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ADDING IODINE TO STARCH AGAR? - IONDINE IS A STARCH INDICATOR. iT TELLS YOU IF IT IS PRESENT OR IF IT HAS BEEN BROKEN DOWN.
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
Which of the three are you testing for a protase? - the milk agar
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
WHICH OF THE THREE WILL RESULT IN MONOSACCARIDES FROM THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE? - starch agar.
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
Define hydrolysis reaction - The breaking of bonds by adding water.
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
What is the specific name of the protein being hydrolysized in milk agar? - Casine
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
What is another name for the enzymes that we tested for? - extra cellular or exocellular
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Extra Cellular Enzymes-26
why are they called extra cellular? - Because they are being secreted by the cell. The bacteria are breaking down their food outside thier body. Then they absorb the smaller subunits.
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What were the three different types of sugars? - Sucrose, glucose, and lactose
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What was tested for during this lab? - The ability to ferment sugar.
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
These tests are commonly used to identify and classifying bacteria True or False - true
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What was the name of the little upside tube that each of the larger test tubes had? - Durham tube
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What was the purpose of a Durham tube? - To collect gas ( a bubble collects)produced form the breakdown of sugar
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
Why is the media red?
What was the name of it? -
it has a indicator
Phenol Red- -
carbohydrate fermentaion-27
The ability to fement a specific sugar or group of sugars is often unique to each type of bacteria. true or false - true
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
what does the indicator indicate? - A CHANGE IN PH. IT IS AN ACID BASED INDICATOR.
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What is the Ph when it is Red? - RED- pH 7
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What is the pH when it is orange? - lower t
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What is the pH yellow? - less than 6.8
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
If given a tube (yellow)What is the chemical reaction taking place? - Fermentation (it would be an effective answer for the other tubes?)
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
Name two by products as a result of the reaction taking place? - carbon dioxide and acid
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carbohydrate fermentaion-27
What is happening if the tube is magenta?
Is this reaction aerobic or anaerobic? -
NOSUGARFERMENTATION- instead protein is being broken down.
The reaction is aerobic...protein is not broken down by fermentaion only sugar. (only exception) - Sulfer Reducing and Trytophan metabolism-28&29
- Sulfer Reducing and Trytophan metabolism-28&29
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
what was innoculate? -
SIMS agar
and Trptone broth -
Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
What has (tRENDA WHAT IS THE ANSWER TO THIS)??? as a carbon and energy sourc? - SIM
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
What does SIMS test for? - The ability to use sulfer as the final elctron acceptor.
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
Is it anaerobic? - Yes
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
When sulfur is used as the final electron aceptor oxidized or reduced? - Reduced- Hydrogen sulfide
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
when hydrogen sulfide is produced --what is its inital state? Why dont we smell it? -
it a gas --then it tuns solid
It doesnt smell because the media has iron in it. Iron i guess is like smell be gone for sulfer. -
Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
What is being tested for in Tryptone broth?
What animal has trytophan? -
It will check to see if the bacteria cam metabolize tryptpahn.
The animal is a turkey -
Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
What in the tryptopahn media allow us to determine if the tryptophan was broken down? - INDOLE
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
Indole reacts with__________ to produce a _________ band on the surface. -
Colvacs reagent
color change-
a dark pink band -
Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
What else was produced? - indole, pyruvate, and ammonia
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Sulfur and Trytophan-28&29
Which one is not a waste product? - Pyruvate
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Antibiotic Sensitivity 30
Why were their no zones of inhibition around the C. cervisiae and A. niger? -
Because they are prokaryotic cells.
Antibiotics do not work on fungi-mold,yeast -
Antibiotic Sensitivity 30
What do antibiotics target? - Eukaryotic structures-it targets peptidoglycan
- Antibiotic Sensitivity 30 Penicillin works better on the gram POSITIVE S. aureus than and on gram negative. WHY?
- because it targets the peptidoglycan.
- Antibiotic Sensitivity 30 Why is penicilin not helpful on a gram negative?
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1. they have a lps layer
and periplasmic space.
2. even if it does destroy it does not kill it.---on a gram positive there is nothing but a bunch of layers???maybe -
ELISA 31
What were testing for with the ELISA? - antigens and antibodies binding
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ELISA 31
What does washing do? - To rinse any antigen or any unbound antibodies
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ELISA 31
Give an example of what this test is useful for -
home pregnacy test
hepatistis
HIV
water
syphilis