z Micro test 1
Terms
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- What is meant by the statement: "microbes are ubiquitous"?
- they are everywhere
- What is Microbiology?
-
The study of
microscopic organisms - At the beginning of the 19th century, microorganisms were considered what?
- Mysterious oddities
- When did the world become aware of the effects of microorganisms?
- The 19th century
- How are Microorganisms harmful to humans?
-
Agents of food spoilage
Agents of disease - How are Microorganisms useful to humans?
- They are involved in the study of various processes of living systems.
- How are Microorganisms beneficial to humans?
- They are decomposers of dead organic matter and are essential for food formation (cheese, yogurt).
- "Etiological agents of disease" means what?
- Etiological means 'origins of', and the statement refers to the 'microbial causes of disease'.
- Microbes which cause disease are called what?
- Pathogens
- What fields of science have benefited from microbiology?
- Biochemistry and Genetics are 100 yrs behind without their study.
- Name the things microbes manufacture which are beneficial to humans:
- antibodies, hormones, amino acids, vitamins, interferons, and contribute to growth factors.
- What are interferons involved in?
- Interferons are involved in the treatment of cancer
- How are microbes harmful?
- They spoil food and they can be pathogenic
-
T/F
microbes are beneficial to humans in that they manufacture proteins -
true
they manufacture amino acids - What is the theory of Spontaneous Generation?
- the idea that life could and did appear spontaneously from nonliving and decomposing matter (ie frogs from mud, flies from rotting meat)
- Who was creidited with the formation of the Spontaneous Generation Theory?
- Aristotle (346 BC) is credited with the theory
- Who was the first to discredit the theory of Spontaneous Generation?
- Francisco Redi (1665)
- How was the theory of Spontaneous Generation discredited?
-
Redi's experiment showed that flies were not spontaneously generated in meat: that they came from eggs (maggots).
Experiment involved two bottles with meat inside: one with netting, the other uncovered. The uncovered one showed flies, the other none. - Who is considered the 'Father of Microbiology'?
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- What did van Leeuwenhoek do?
- He was the first to gaze upon Euglena, discovering bacteria and describing microscopic forms.
- What did Leeuwenhoek use in his research?
- He used a microscope of his own design, which magnified up to 500 times.
- Who postulated the "Germ Theory of Fermentation"?
- Louis Pasteur
- What is the "Germ Theory of Fermentation"?
- "A natural process in which alcohol and organic acids are formed from dissolved sugar in the presence of microorganism and the absence of air."
- Describe the "Non-vital" viewpoint on fermentation
- yeasts is a byproduct of fermentation
- Describe the "Vital" (biological) viewpoint on fermentation
- fermentation is a byproduct of the yeast
- Joseph Lister (English) did what?
- developed the antiseptic surgery sterilization of instruments and application of carbonic acid (phenol) to wounds by means of dressing
-
The Compound Microscope:
Magnification - the ability to enlarge image
-
The Compound Microscope:
Resolution (or Resolution Power) - the ability to show detail clearly
- formula for Resolution Power
-
RP = wave length of light (in nm)
_________________________
2x numerical appeture - white light in nm
- between 380nm (violet) and 750nm
- resolution is the function of
- Resolution is the function of the wave length of light
- What are the levels of classification in taxonomy?
-
Kingdom
Philum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species - Taxonomy is ...
- the science of classification
- how many different species are named and described?
- 1.8 million
- what is classification?
- the arrangement of organisms according to their properties and characteristics
- binomial system of nomenclature:
- each organism has two word names
- What other four scientists before Pasteur have disproved spontaneous generation (that we have studied)?
-
Francisco Redi
Louis Jabolt
Theodore Schwann
Franz Schulze - What are the steps to the Nitrogen Cycle
-
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Assimilation
4. Ammonification
5. Denitrification -
Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen Fixation - Converts atmospheric nitrogen (n2) into ammonia (NH3)
-
Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrification - Conversion of Ammonia (NH3) into Nitrate (NO3-)
-
Nitrogen Cycle:
Assimilation - the use of ammonia (NH3) and Nitrate (NO3-)by plants to make their own proteins and bodies, then eaten by animals
-
Nitrogen Cycle:
Ammonification - conversion of organic compounds and wastes into ammonia
-
Nitrogen Cycle:
Denitrification - conversion of nitrate (NO3-) into free nitrogen (N2)
- What are the steps involved with nitrification?
-
1. ammonia (NH3) to Nitrite (NO2-) with the help of the bacteria nitrosomonas
2. from Nitrite (NO2-) to Nitrate (NO3-) with the help of bacteria Nitrobacter - Give an example of ammonification
- Urea is converted by bacteria Proteus Vulgaris into ammonia during urea hydrolysis
- give an example of denitrification
- in the lab, tests are done -- called Nitrate reduction -- where bacteria can convert Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrite (NO2-) [e.coli] or Nitrate to free nitrogen (n2) [pseudomonas]
- Louis Jablot
-
1711
showed microbial growth when sterilized soup is uncovered vs covered (stoppered tightly after boiling) - Pasteur's quote re swan neck experiments
- "For I have kept from them, and am still keeping from them the one thing which is above power of man to make: I have kept from them the germs that float in the air, I have kept from them life."
- The GERM THEORY OF FERMENTATION
- fermentation is a natural process in which ALCOHOL AND ORGANIC ACIDS are formed from dissolved sugar in the presence of microorganisms and the absence of air
- first proof that bacteria cause disease
- Rober Koch in 1876 found rod-shaped bacteria in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax.
- Koch's postulates
-
1. The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals.
2. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal.
4. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal. - Gelatin melts at
- 26 deg C
- who introduced the Petri Dish?
- Richard Petri, assistant to Koch
- Walter Hesse did what?
- assistant to Koch, he learned of agar-agar as a better solidifying agent than gelatin
- agar solid at what temps?
- solidifies from 32-40 °C.