Anatomy Overview
Terms
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- Anatomy
- studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
- Physiology
- concerns the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
- Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
- study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, & kidneys.
- Microscopic anatomy
- study of structures too small to see with the naked eye
- Principle of complementarity of structure & function
- Function is dependent on structure, and that the form of a structure relates to its function.
- Chemical level
- simplest level of organization
- Atoms
- tiny bldg blocks of matter, combine to form molecules
- molecules
- combine in specific ways to form organelles, wh are the basic unit of living cells
- tissue
- consists of similar types of cells
- organs
- made up of similar types of tissues
- organ systems
- consists of dif. Organs that work closely together
- oranismal level
- the total of all structures working together to promote life. We are at organismal level. We have numerous organ systems
- Homeostasis
- chemical, thermal, & neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis. The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of environmental chages. Process of maintaining stability. The internal envir. Of body is in dynamic state of equilibrium.
- Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Components: Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback, Hoeostatic imbalance often results in disease
- Receptor
- monitors the envir. & responds to changes (stimuli).
- Effector:
- provides the means to respond to the stimulus e.g. hormone
- Negative Feedback
- Neg output shuts off the original stimulus, e.g. regulation of glucose
- Positive Feedback
- output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, e.g. regulation of blood clotting
- Anatomical Position
- Body is erect, palms face forward, thumbs point away from the body. Right and left refer to the right and left sides of the person viewed not the observer.
- Directional Terms
- used to explain where one body part is in relation to another
- Regional Terms
- 2 fundamental regions are axial: main axis of our body includes the head, neck, & trunk. Appendicular: consist of the appendages or limbs wh/ are attached to the body's axis.
- Body Planes
- saggital, median, midsagittal, frontal, transverse (horizontal plane or cross section), oblique sections
- sagittal
- vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
- median
- saggital plane that lies exactly in the midline or midsaggital plane
- frontal
- vertically divide the body into anterior and posterior parts (front & back)
- transverse
- runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts sometimes called cross section
- oblique section
- cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. Not used much.
- Abdominopelvic Regions & quadrants
- 9 regions used primarily by anatomists. 4 quadrants are used primarily by medical personnel.
- umbilical region
- centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
- epigastric region
- located superior to the umbilical region (upper middle of nine regions)
- hypogastric region
- located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo=below)
- right & left iliac or inguinal region
- located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone)
- right & left lumbar region
- lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin)
- right & left hypochondriac regions
- flank the epigastric region laterally (chondro = cartilage)