Bio Final
Terms
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- mRNA
- carries a transcription of a gene to the site of protein synthesis
- class A
- whorls 1 and 2; sepals and petals
- stop codons
- UAA, UAG, UGA
- auxotrophs
- mutants
- antiparallel
- two chains run in opposite directions
- MyoD
- produces transcription factor MyoD that binds to the promoters of genes that produce features of skeletal muscle cells
- lytic cycle
- virus reproduces immediately and kills the host cell
- segment polarity genes
- set A-P axis of each segment
- gap genes
- major subdivisions on the A-P axis
- '3 of tRNA
- specific amino acid
- '5 of tRNA
- single stranded loop that includes a triplet anticodon
- single-stranded binding proteins
- bind to unwound strands to keep them from reassociating into a double helix
- Lyell
- uniformitariansim
- virulent viruses
- occur first in the lytic cycle
- p21
- tumor suppressor that inhibits cells cycle when the cell needs to repair damage
- replicative transposition
- replicate and then move
- conservative replication
- original is template but does not contribute to a new double helix
- plasmids
- small circular pieces of DNA formed in many bacteria which contains genes and an Ori
- feed-back inhibition
- when product abundant, inhibits first enzyme of pathway which prevents transcription
- wild type
- allele that is present in most individuals in nature and gives rise to an expected trait or phenotype
- proteolysis
- breaks polypeptides to make proteins
- tumor-suppressor genes
- normally produce products that inhibit mitosis
- R factors
- genes that confer resistance to antibiotics contained in plasmids
- class C
- whorls 3 and 4; stamens and carpels
- tRNA
- molecules that transfer amino acids to site of protein synthesis and put them in the correct order
- pair-role genes
- units of two segments
- Sanger
- specific proteins have specific sequences of amino acids
- law of segregation
- two copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy
- sporophyte
- alternating haploid and diploid generations via meiosis
- totipotent
- the ability to produce cell descendants via mitosis than can differentiate into every type of cell
- coding
- sense, not transcribed
- incomplete dominance
- heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes
- cytoplasmic segregation
- uneven distribution in the cytoplasm of a chemical signal result in daughter cells with or without the signal
- Lamarack
- use and disuse of parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
- B-catenin
- cell signaling cascade that results in determination of cells and the formation of the embryo in the area of the gray crescent
- nonsense type
- changing an amino acid into a stop codon
- acetylation
- reduces the strength of the electrostatic attraction which allows them to more available for transcription
- expressivity
- the degree to which a phenotype is expressed in an individual
- transposons
- move other genes to a new site
- X Y
- Female - XX, homogametic sex; Male - XY - heterogametic sex (humans)
- alternative splicing
- producing many more types of proteins than would be predicted from one-gene one-polypeptide by treating exons as introns
- F factors
- genes needed for conjugation contained in plasmids
- Hutton
- gradualism
- qualitative
- discrete characteristics
- methylation
- inactivation of genes
- diplontic life cycle
- only haploid cells are the gametes and they are produced via mitosis
- C
- G
- translocation mutation
- non-homologs crossover, thus each loses a large amount of genes
- glycosylation
- addition of sugar molecules which is involved in producing a glycoprotein
- rRNA
- catalytic in function with ribosomes
- disaggregation
- removing a nucleosome
- primase
- synthesizes a primer
- class B
- whorls 2 and 3; petals and stamens
- template
- antisense, transcribed
- Z W
- Female - ZW, heterogametic sex; Male ZZ - homogametic sex (birds)
- 2n, n
- Female - 2n, diploid; Male - n, haploid (hymenoptera)
- missense mutation
- phenotypic difference
- X 0
- Female - XX, homogametic sex; Male X0, heterogametic sex (insects)
- proto-oncogenes
- normally involved in receiving and responding to growth factors so that mitosis occurs
- shine-dalgarno sequence
- facilitates proper positioning of the initiation complex, complementary to a sequence on the small subunit rRNA
- DNA helicase
- uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the DNA
- Chargaff
- concluded that DNA composition varies from species to species
- silent mutations
- occur on the 3rd base of codon and produces no phenotypic change
- temperate virus
- occurs first in lysogenic cycle
- transformation
- bacteria cell dies and release chromosomes which are incorporated by another cell's genome
- repression
- when end product is abundant, represses expression of all genes which prevents transcription
- autosomes
- non-sex chromosomes
- operon
- promoter, operator, tow or more structural genes which allow organism to turn on and off gene pathways, thus regulating enzyme concentration
- biocoid
- product of which codes for development of anterior end
- Linnareus
- classificatino scheme of nested taxa and the use of a binomen for each species
- quantitative
- continuous variation
- epistasis
- phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene
- CrO
- represes lysogenic, activates lytic
- codominance
- two different phenotypes that both appear in heterozygotes
- chromosomal theory of inheritance
- chromosomes are linear sequences of genes
- terminator sequence
- downstream of stop codon; not with coding region that signals where RNA polymerase should dissociate
- transposase
- a simple type of transposon with flanking inverted repeats of nucleotides
- A
- T
- conditional mutations
- alter phenotype under specific conditions
- gametophyte
- alternating haploid and diploid generations via mitosis
- transposable elements
- moveable segments of DNA
- G
- C
- induction
- certain cells secrete a signal which causes other cells to differentiate in a particular way
- Frederick Griffith
- demonstrated that the genetic material was transferable
- DNA ligase
- catalyzes bond formation of two Okazaki fragments
- test cross
- finding out whether an individual showing a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous
- leafy
- regulates the expression of organ identity genes in flowers
- anticodons
- complementary to triplet codon of mRNA
- RB
- inhibits cell cycle when activated, when phosphorylated it becomes inactive and can no longer inhibit the cycle
- hapotic life cycle
- diploid stage is the zygote, which produces haploid spores via meiosis which divide and some differentiate into gametes
- Ingram
- a particular genetic disorder is the result of a mutation
- dispersive replication
- fragments of original DNA serve as templates for assmebling two new molecules, each containg old and new parts at random
- Oswald Avery
- concluded that the transforming material is DNA
- pyrimidine
- cytosine and thymine
- Start codon
- AUG
- primer
- starter strand which allows DNA to be replicated
- tRNA (structure)
- 80 nucleotides, single stranded but with double stranded parts
- heterochrony
- shift in the same module of different species
- conjugation
- male extends cytoplasmic bridge in order to insert strands into female to interchange genes
- MacThus
- human population growth
- aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- aid in attaching specific amino acid to the correct tRNA molecule
- penetrance
- the proportion of individuals in a group with a given genotype that show the expected phenotype
- conservative transposition
- move elements site to site
- lysogenic cycle
- viruses integrates its DNA in genome of host cell and delays reproduction
- purines
- adenine and guanine
- cI
- represses lytic, activates lysogenic
- semiconservative
- two new DNA molecules each have one old and one new
- Hershey-Chase
- viral DNA can program cells to make more viruses
- T
- A
- particulate theory
- units of inheritance retain their integrity in the presence of other units
- true-breeding
- the observed trait was only form present for many generation
- metabolic factors
- genes of metabolic functions contained in plasmids
- Curvier
- fossils of sedimentary layers were produced by catastrophic events of the past
- phosphorylation
- change conformation as charge balance changes thus producing active sites
- transduction
- bacteria phage injects phage DNA into bacterial cell instead of virus
- polyribosomes
- same mRNA may be translated simultaneously
- Meselson and Stahl
- confirmed the semiconservative model of replication
- chromatin remodeling
- removing a nucleosome so that mRNA can be transcribed while DNA is still wrapper around histones