The Human Organism
Terms
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- The head is the most _______ area of the body.
- superior
- farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- distal
- The navel is ______ to the eyes.
- inferior
- toward or at the front of the body
- anterior
- toward or at the back of the body
- posterior
- toward the middle of the body
- medial
- the lungs are _______ to the arms
- medial
- away from the midline of the body; on the outside of
- lateral
- between a more medial and more lateral structure
- intermediate
- close to the origin of the body part or attachment to the body trunk
- proximal
- The knee is____ to the ankle.
- proximal
- toward or at the body surface
- superficial
- away from the body surface
- deep
- The breastbone is ________ to the spine.
- anterior
- anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
- abdominal
- point of shoulder
- acromial
- anterior surface of elbow
- antecubital
- armpit
- axillary
- arm
- brachial
- cheek area
- buccal
- wrist
- carpal
- neck region
- cervical
- hip
- coxal
- leg
- crural
- fingers, toes
- digital
- thigh
- femoral
- lateral part of the leg
- fibular
- groin, where the thigh meets the trunk
- inguinal
- nose area
- nasal
- mouth
- oral
- anterior knee
- patellar
- area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
- pelvic
- genital region
- pubic
- breastbone area
- sternal
- ankle region
- tarsal
- navel
- umbilical
- head
- cephalic
- curve of shoulder
- deltoid
- buttock
- gluteal
- area of back between ribs and hips
- lumbar
- posterior surface of the head
- occipital
- posterior knee area
- popliteal
- area between hips
- sacral
- shoulder blade region
- scapular
- calf
- sural
- area of spine
- vertebral
- cut made along the body lengthwise, dividing left and right
- sagittal
- cut down the median of the body
- midsagittal
- cut made lengthwise that divides body into anterior and posterior regions
- coronal or frontal section
- a cut across the horizontal plane
- transverse or cross section
- subdivisions of dorsal cavity
- cranial and spinal cavities
- subdivisions of ventral cavity
- thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- centermost region, deep to and surrounding the navel
- umbilical region
- region superior to umbilical region
- epigastric region
- region inferior to the umbilical region
- hypogastric (pubic) region
- lateral to the hypogastric region
- iliac or inguinal regions
- regions lateral to the umbilical region
- right and left lumbar regions
- the region that contains the lower ribs
- right and left hypochondriac regions
- The heart is _______ to the lungs.
- anterior
- the shoulders are _______ to the neck.
- lateral
- The stomach is _____ to the wrists.
- medial
- The skeleton is _____ to the skin.
- deep
- the anterior of a human and the belly of a four-legged animal
- ventral
- the posterior surface of a human or the superior surface of a four-legged animal
- dorsal
- cavity that contains the stomach, liver, and intestines
- abdominal
- cavity that contains the reproductive organs
- pelvic
- cavity that contains the brain
- cranial
- cavity that contains the heart and lungs
- thoracic
- the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- diaphragm
- Name the six levels of structural organization.
- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- list the eleven organ systems in the body
-
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
digestive
cardiovascular
reproductive
urinary
lymphatic
respiratory - what are the eight functions necessary for life?
-
maintaining boundries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth - What are the five survival needs of any organism?
- nutrients, oxygen, atmospheric pressure, water, body temperature
- what is homeostasis and what happens without it?
- the maintence of a stable environment=adynamic state of equalibrium; homeostatic imbalance--a disturbance resulting in disease
- what are the homestatic control mechanisms and what are their functions?
-
the receptor senses changes in the environment and and responds by sending information along the afferent pathway to the control center
the control center analyzes the information and sends commands to the effector along the efferent pathway
the effector responds to influence stimulus and regain homeostasis - Name the region(s) in which the liver reside(s).
- right hypochondriac, epigastric
- Name two organs in the cardiovascular system.
- heart, blood vessels
- briefly decribe the function of the nervous system
- fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
- briefly describe the integumentary system
- protects deeper organs; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous(pain, pressure, etc)
- briefly describe the skeletal system
- protects and supports organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; stores minerals; blood cells are created within bones
- briefly describe the muscular system
- allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; creates heat
- briefly describe the endocrine system
- glans secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism
- briefly describe the cardiovascular system
- the heart pumps blood through blood vessels, carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients, wastes, etc.
- briefly decribe the lymphatic system
- picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells
- briefly decribe the respiratory system
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- briefly decribe the digestive system
- breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; eliminates solid waste though feces
- briefly decribe the reproductive system
- production of offspring
- briefly decribe the urinary system
- elimates nitrogenous waste fromt he body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
- how does positive feedback effect a variable?
- pushes it farther from the original value
- how does negative feedback effect a variable?
- shuts off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
- why is anatomical position important for the study of anatomy?
- anotomical termanology refers to this positioning regardless of the position the body happens to be in
- The knee is ______ to the inguinal.
- lateral, inferior
- To cut a body so that each section has aproximately one quarter of the heart one must make what two cuts? Name all possible answers
-
sagittal and tranverse
coronal and tranverse
coronal and sagittal -
The following groupings are along what plane?
hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric - medial
- Name all the body landmarks from the curve of the shoulder to the tips of the fingers
- deltoid, acromical, axillary, antecubital, brachial, carpal, digital