Chapter 16 European Expansion
Terms
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- plantation
- A large farming estate where mainly a single crop is grown; until the mid-1800s slaves often worked on plantations.
- missionary
- A person who teaches his or her religion to people with different beliefs.
- scientific method
- a way of studying things through questioning and through testing
- Middle Passage
- The difficult voyage made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies where they were sold.
- Moctezuma
- Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes in 1520.
- strait
- A narrow channel, or body of water, connection two larger bodies of water.
- convert
- To adopt or cause someone to adopt a new religion.
- Line of Demarcation
- An imaginary line drawn across North and South America in 1494 to divide the claims of Spain and Portugal.
- Strait of Magellan
- a narrow waterway at the southern tip of South America, linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
- gravity
- The force that pulls objects toward Earth and that draws planets into orbits around the sun.
- sugarcane
- A tall grass with a thick, woody stem containing a liquid that is a source of sugar.
- geocentric
- Based on the idea that Earth is the center of the universe and that the sun, stars and planets revolve around the Earth.
- Hernando Cortes
- Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec in 1521.
- Isaac Newton
- English scientist who studied gravity.
- Pedro Alvarez Cabral
- Portuguese nabigator who landed on the coast of Brazil in 1500 and claimed it for Portugal.
- James Cook
- A navigator and ship captain who explored and claimed land in Australia for England in 1770.
- caravel
- A sailing ship developed in Portugal in the 1400s that had greater directional control than earlier ships and could sail great distances more safely.
- aborigine
- A person belonging to, or descending from, the group of people who first inhabited Australia.
- Bartholomeu Dias
- Portuguese ship captain whose voyage around the southern tip of Africa in 1487 led to the opening of a sea route between Asia and Africa
- telescope
- An optical instrument for making distant objects such as planets and stars , appear nearer and lager
- Vasco da Gama
- Portuguese navigator who in 1498 sailed from Europe around Africa and Asia
- Atahualpa
- The last Inca emperor, captured and killed by Francisco Pizarro.
- heliocentric
- Based on Copernicus's idea that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
- Christopher Columbus
- Italian explorer in the service of Spain who arrived in the Americas in 1492
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain; he set out to find a route to Asia by sailing around the southern tip of South American.
- hacienda
- A large agricultural estate owned by Spaniards or the church in Spain's American colonies.
- Prince Henry
- Portuguese prince who directed the search for a sea route
- emancipee
- A person who has been freed, or emancipated, from a sentence of punishment given to him or her by the government.
- credibility
- believability
- convict
- A person who has been found guilty by the government of committing a crime and receives a sentence of punishment.
- Galileo Galilei
- Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. His telescopes proved the sun is the center of the solar system.
- Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador who in 1532 defeated the Inca emperor Atahualpa.
- triangular trade
- From the 1500s to the mid-1800s, the triangular-shaped trade routes between the Americas, England, and Africa, which involved the buying and selling of captive Africans as well as guns, sugar, and iron goods.
- conquistador
- A Spanish conqueror who came to the Americas to search for gold, land, and glory.