Exam American Cit.

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cruel and unusual punishment: sentence of life imprisonment for stealing a loaf of bread is an example of
Articles of Confederation: 1st constitution of the US
amendment: change or addition to the Constitution
due process: following established legal procedures
markets: feature of capitalism connects the different sectors of economy
Amendment XVII-17: Amendment allowed Senators to be elected by the people of a state, instead of by State Legislatures. It gave the power to the people
scarcity: occurs whenever we do not have enough resources to produce all of the things we would like to have
suffrage: right to vote
incorporation of the Bill of Rights: the idea that US citizens in every part of the country have the same basic rights
Amendment I-1: Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly
print media: newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and books
Amendment X-10: Says that any power not given the central government, but not prohibited by any state, may be given to the state government
delegates: those chosen to represent the people
glittering generalities: propaganda technique that uses statements that sound good but are meaningless
colony: group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere
single member: type of district in which only one candidate wins
Hong Kong: China reuinified with what country in 1997
Populist Party: party of farmers and laborers that called for the direct election of senators and an eight hour working day
19th amendment: this amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote
consent of the governed: the DOI states that government recieves its just powers from the
Electoral College: group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
trade deficit: when the value of a countrys imports exceeds the value of its exports
Amendment XIII-13: States that slavery is abolished an prohibits slavery in the U.S was ratified on December 6, 1865
oppurtunity cost: what you cannot buy or do when choosing to do one thing rather than another
Cold War: struggle between West and Communist Nations
labor: the physical and mental that people contribute to the production of goods and services
legislative: branch of government that makes the laws
deport: legal process by which a government removes an alien from the country
wants: things we would like to have, such as entertainment and vacations
product market: types of markets where producers offer goods and services for sale
Rhode Island: state that chose not to take part in the Constitutional Convention
direction: whether people support or oppose tax cuts falls under which feature of public opinion
profit: the amt. of money left over after all the costs of production have been paid
executive: branch of government that carries out the laws
Amendment VI-6: The accused have the right to a speedy and public trial, which does not mean their trial is over in one week it means they do not sit in jail for 5 years before getting their trial
marginal benefit: our concern with the extra benefit associated with an action is referred to as a concern with the
foreign: market sector that is the only one that the US sells products to as well as buys prodicts from
civil liberties: the freedom to think and act without government interference
Thomas Jefferson: not at the constitutional convention
naturalization: the constitution establishes two ways to become a citizen; by birth or this legal process
Article IV: article that discusses relationships between the states
capital: the equipment and tools used to build your school are an example of which factor of labor
Article VI: article that declares the Constitution the supreme Law of the Land
World Trade Organization: international body organizes negotiations about trade rules and provides help to countries trying to develop their countries
Mao Zedong: led the CCP
pollster: a specialist whose job is to conduct surveys regularly
discrimination: unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group
Amendment VIII-8: Excessive bails should not be required and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be given
socialist: Karl Marx a German thinker and writer was a what
Amendment V-5: States that no person is accountable for a crime unless they are formally charged by the grand jury
Amendment III-3: No quartering of soldiers in private houses
sanctions: coercive measures
economic model: a mechanism that an economist uses to answer a question for which their is no easy answer
the division of labor: breaking a job down into seperate, smaller tasks, which are performed by different workers
minor parties: another term for third parties
Three Fifths Compromise: plan that allowed every five enslaved persons to count as three free persons
US citizen: anyone born or naturalized in the US
sit ins: to protest at lunch counters that served only whites, African Americans students began staging this
devolution: transferring power to local authorities
mercantilism: theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys
immigration: process of moving permanently to a new country
English Bill of Rights: the document the Parliament drew up that limited the rights of the king
freedoms: the 1st amendment is probably the best known amendment because it protects five basic
World Bank: organization that gives loans and advice to countries as they try to improve their countries
censorship: banning printed materials or films
stacked cards: propaganda technique that presents only one side of the issue, often by distorting facts
providing services: Americans earning a living
Mayflower Compact: written plan for government drawn up by the Plymouth colonists
socialism: the belief that the means of production should be owned and controlled by society
representative: type of democracy in which all citizens choose a smaller group to govern and make laws
public officials: the presidents address to the nation about issues he is concerned with is an example of which influence of public opinion
Conservative Party: which party in GREat Britain supports private enterprise and minimal government intervention
democracy: Abe Lincoln called it a government of the people, by the people, for the people
Amendment XIV-14: States can't take away any person's right or follow laws that take away a person's privileges
constitutional monarchy: government in which the power of the hereditary leader is limited by the contrys constitution and laws
government: in a command economy, who makes the decisoins of what, how, and for whom to produce
implied powers: abilities that Congress exercises that are not listed in the Constitution
National Urban League: individual or group aided the growing numbers of African Americans in cities by helping them find jobs
Tea Act: during the boston tea party, colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor to protest this
laissez faire: the philosophy that government should not interfere in the marketplace
Gosplan: central planning body in Soviet Union
giving it up: way for a US citizen to lose their citizenship
television: most important medium for American politics that is 98% of American homes
Virginia Plan: the plan that called for states to be represented on the basis of their population in both houses of government
Amendment XII-12: States that the president will be elected by a representative group called the Electoral College
petition: a formal request
public opinion: the ideas and attitudes that most people hold about government
economy: all the activity in a nation that together affects the production, distribution, and use of goods and services
party leaders: if a cheif executive has jobs to fill, but does not have enough high level supporters to fill them, he or she often seeks recommendations from
the individuals: the Founders of the US beleived that an important purpose of government was to protect whose rights
Amendment XV-15: black people can have the right to vote
Article VII: states that nine states had to ratify the Constitution before it became the law of land
Amendment XXIV-24: Ending to the poll tax
mass media: tv, radio, newspapers, movies, books, magazines
poll taxes: a sum of money that voters were required to pay before casting a ballot
population: per capita GDP divides the total gross domestic product by the countrys...
confederation: group of individuals who band together for a common purpose
total revenue: number of units sold multiplied by the average
black codes: laws passed by Southern states to limit the rights of African Americans
Amendment XI-11: Judicial power of the U.S shall not be explained to extend any suit in law or equity, prosecuted against one of U.S by citizens of another states, or by citizens of subjects of any foreign state
free trade: when countries try to convince other countries not to pass laws that block or limit trade
direct primaries: major parties in all states nominate candidates at all levels of government through
Spain: 1st Europeans to settle permanently in North America in the 1500s in this country
Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the Constitution
interest group: people who share a point of view bout an issue
slander: speaking lies that harm a person's reputation
Amendment IV-4: Means that the authority can not come into your house or go to your business and search for possessions to use as evidence against you unless they are given a search warrant by the judge
public interest group: groups that work to benefit all or most of society
economic interest group: the US Chamber of Commerce represents this type of interest group
judicial: branch of government that interprets the laws
specializartion: when people or groups concentrate on goods or services that they can produce better than anyone else
North Korea: present day totalitarian regime
presidential: system of government used in the Phillipines
runoff primary: election between two top vote getters if no candidate receives a majority
International Monetary Fund: organization that offers advice and financial assistance to countries on monetary and fiscal policy
medium: a mechanism of communication
freedom of petition: expressing complaints about community problems or suggestions for improving your community are protected by
Amendment VII-7: the right to jury trial in certain civil trials
Amendment XVIII-18: Alcohol and liquor will be abolished. Prohibition is known for not being able to sell, distribute, drink, or transport any beverage that may be intoxication.
tariff: a custom duty
North: segregation of African Americans was less noticable in
goods: tangible products like books and automobiles
Declaration of Independence: document that explains why the US should be a free nation
Latin America: largest share of immigrants of the US from this country
Freedom Riders: people who traveled on buses to protest segregation
consumer: market sector who purchases the largest share of all output
Jamestown: 1st permanent english settlement in north america
House of Commons: part of the British Parliament with 650 elected members
trade surplus: when the value of a countrys exports exceeds the value of its imports
market economy: economic system in which decisions are made in free markets based on the interaction of supply and demand and largest economies in the world today
marginal cost: the extra cost of producing one additional unit of output
developing countries: poorer countries that are trying to develop industrial economies
private property rights: gives people the incentive to work, save, and invest so that they can keep any gains that they might earn
Amendment XXV-25: To resolve issues about the office of president
armed forces: in 1948 president harry truman ordered an end to segregation in the nation's what
profit motive: the driving force that encourages people and organizations to improve their material
stability: people firmly hold their views and how likely they are to change their opinions on a topic describes which feature of public opinion
Amendment XIX-19: Gives women suffrage, which means that they have the right to vote in election
direct: type of democracy in which all citizens debate and vote on all issues
linking the different levels of government: when legislatures cooperate with the cheif executive because they belong to the same political party, they are performing what role of political parties
BCIS: government agency that deals with immigration and citizenship
Gross Domestic Product: total value, in dollars, of all the final goods and services produced in a country during a single year
petition: when qualified voters sign papers declaring support for a candidate
grand jury: group of citizens who review evidence against the accused
segregation: social seperation of the races
New Hampshire: 1st colony to organize as a state and craft a constitution
conservation: limiting the use of polluting resources
income tax: an important source of money for the government
protectionism: policy of placing tariffs on imports
budget: plan for collecting and spending a community's money
HOW to produce: how much pollution we should allow factories to produce things
dynasty: family that hold power for many generations
alien: noncitizen residing in a country
fixed costs: expenses that are the same no matter how many units of a good are produced
double jeopardy: the idea that people cannot be forced to testify against themselves is called projection against
House of Lords: part of the British Parliament with 700 members who are appointed or inherit titles; equivalent to US Supreme Court
judge: search warrant a document issued by a
Republicans: breakaway party that was formed by a group who opposed slavery
electronic media: radio, TV, and the internet
Intolerable Acts: laws restricting the colonist's rights including the right to a trial by jury
Amendment XVI-16: Says that Congress has the power to set tax rates on income for all citizens and the means for collecting the associated taxes
enforce laws: as a result of their bad experiences with the British government, the 13 states refused to give Congress the power to tax or
public policy: course of action taken by a government to achieve community goals
global interdependance: the fact that people and nations all over the world now depend on one another for many goods and services
measure of cost: how much of a product such as helmets you should produce is known as
1200s: the opening of trade routes to the East which started major changes in the economic organization of Europe began in
traditional economy: system in which things are done the way they have always been done
affirmative action: programs that try to make up for past discrimination
civics: study of the rights and duties of citizens
Article I: article that lists specific powers that Congress does and does not have
European Union: an organization of independant countries that cooperate in matters of economics and trade, social and foreign policy, security, and justice
closed primary: election in which only declared party members are allowed to vote for the party's nominees
exports: products that are sold to other countries
France: Great Britain placed steep taxes on the American colonies to help pay off heavy debts from their war with this country
seven: according to the rules for conducting the convention, how many states had to have delegates present for meetings to be held
patriotism: love of one's country
dictatorship: government controlled by one person or small group
social contract: the idea that people agree to give up some of their freedom and abide by the decisions of their government in return for the governments protection
developed countries: countries that have built a way of life based on highly developed business and industry
polling supports democracy: some people support public opinion polling because they believe
variable costs: expenses that change with the number of products produced
economics: the study of how we make decisions in the world where resources are limited
bicameral: type of legislature that is divided into two parts or houses
bill of rights: part of the constitution that guarantees certain basic freedoms to its citizens
federalism: refers to a form of government in which power is divided between the national government and the states
Thomas Jefferson: mostly wrote the DOI
owning property: legal aliens have many rights of citizens such as this
France: not part of the United Kingdom
freedom of speech: lectures, internet communication, and radio and TV broadcasts are covered by the guarantee of
a reporter: Lyndon Johnson said "You help me and I'll make you a big man in your profession."
nationalization of the Bill of Rights: provisions that made the Bill if Rights binding for state governments as well as the federal government
apartheid: policy of racial seperation between blacks and whites where blacks could travel, eat, and go to school
white men: when the Bill of Rights was passed, which of the following groups enjoyed its protection
competition: the struggle that goes on between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices
eminent domain: the right of government to take private property
Wyoming: territory permitted women the right to vote in 1869
Amendment XXI-21: The Repealing of the Prohibition
lobbyists: representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers to influence their policy making
governors of their states: 7 of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had been
monarch: king or queen who rules a country
cost benefit analysis: because rational economic decision making tells us to choose an action when the benefits are greater than the costs, which economic model should you use to analyze a decision
information: lobbyist most important resource
terrorism: use of violence against civilians to achieve a political goal
civil rights: the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law
Germany: a developing country
public agenda: problems and issues that receive the most time, money, and effort from the government
Amendment XX-20: Tells the amount of time an elected official has from the time they are elected and the time they are elected to the day they begin their position
standard of living: quality of life based on the possessions of necessities and luxuries that make life easier
George Washington: delegate who presided over the convention
Amendment XXIII-23: The district constitutioning the sea of government of the US shall appoint
civil cases: lawsuits that involve disagreements between people rather than crimes
Federal Communications Commission: the government regulates broadcasting through this
Article V: sets forth the procedure for making amendments
open primary: election in which voters need not declare their party preference to vote for the party's nominees
parliamentary system: GReat Britains contribution to modern governments around the world was the development of which system of government
speedy trial: the 6th amendment guarantees
unity between legislature and executive: an advantage of parliamentary system
make sure party supporters vote on Election day: key role for party volunteers during election campaigns is to
biased: supporting a particular viewpoint
two party system: term that refers to the major parties- Democrat and Republican- that make up the American political system
Patrick Henry: delegate who was against the convention and did not attend
quality: the Gross Domestic Product does not reflect a products improvement in
Amendment IX-9: amendment doesn't let the government take away certain rights of the people that are not listed in The Bill of Rights
secondhand: not counted as part of GDP
migration: mass movement from one place to another
consumer sovereignty: term that describes the consumer as ruler of the market
trade off: referrs to the exchange that happens when we choose to have more pollution free air by driving less
collective farms: to increase agricultural output and worked jointly by groups of peasents under government supervision
imports: products that are purchased from other countries
f pluribus unum: latin phrase out of many one
South: populous region of the US
comparative advantage: the ability of a country to produce a good at a lower oppurtunity cost than another country can
indictment: a formal change by a group of citizens
absolute monarchy: government in which a hereditary ruler had unlimited authority
Magna Carta: english document protected the nobles rights and upheld their authority
North Korea: country with a command economy
developing countries: countries whose average per capita income is only a fraction of that in more industrialized countries
plurality: the most votes among all those running for office
national government: George Washington and other political leaders argued for a stronger
command economy: economic system in which the individual has little influence over how the basic economy functions
prime minister: the head of a government in a parliamentary system
equal protection of the laws: the 14th amendment required every state to grant its citizens
trade: most important part of economic interdepandance
factor market: types of markets where productive resources are bought and sold
command economies: type of economies that are unattractive
platform: a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions
marginal revenue: the change in total revenue that results from selling one more unit of output
taxes on businesses and individuals: from where does the government sector receive most of its revenues
citizen: member of a community with certain rights and duties
District of Columbia: the 23rd amendment gave the right to vote to the residents of
Amendment XXVI-26: 18 year olds have the right to vote.
models: simplified representations of the real world
balance of trade: difference between the value of a nations exports and its imports
republic: a representative government in which no leaders inherit office
Massachusetts: where the 1st battles of the revolutionary war took place
Southern: most developing nations located
James Madison: delegate who kept a notebook of daily events, went to become president of the US
precedent: in law, a ruling in an earlier case that was similar
candidates for national office: the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 limits the amount of money that political action committees can contribute to whom
Amendment II-2: The right to bear arms
prior restraint: the Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot censor material before it is published is the key to freedom from
Preamble: introduction to the Constitution
international tribunal: courts with authority from the UN to hear cases and make judgements about violations of international human rights law
constitution: a detailed, written plan for government
genocide: killing of racial or cultural group
consumer goods: not a factor of production
libel: printing lies that harm a person's reputation
World Bank: working to improve inland water transportation in Bangladesh is an example of a program by
popular sovereignty: value found in the founding documents of the US
acting as a watchdog: role of political parties nvolves criticizing the party in power and offering its own solutions to political problems
burgesses: 22 men who were chosen from each country to govern the people of Jamestown
Benjamin Franklin: at 81, oldest delegate at the convention
productivity: a measure of the amt. of output produced by a given amount of inputs in a certain period of time
dual citizenship: holding rights in the US and another country at the same time
freedom of assembly: forming and joining clubs, political parties, and labor unions are part of
voluntary exchange: the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions
Chinese Communist Party: 63 million members and is the dominant force in government
not in the Constitution: the right of the accused to hear all witnesses against him or her
entrepenuers: people who start their own businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques
multiparty system: one party rarely wins enough support to control the government
Jintao Hu: secretary general of CCP
Amendment XXVII-27: No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and sets a restraint on congress raising their salaries
Deng Xiaoping: new Communist leader dominated China during the 1980s
compact: agreement or contract among a group of people
Hispanic Americans: fastest growing ethnic group in the US
authoritarian: a regime in which power is held by an individual or group not accountable to the people
human capital: productivity tends to increase when businesses invest in___ the sum of the skills, abilities, and motivation of people
Parliament: lawmaking body in Europe
communism: economic system under which one class evolves, all property is held in common and there is no need for government
human rights: the fundamental rights that belong to every person on Earth
a bill of rights: the anti federalists opposed the Constitution, in part because it did not provide
WHEN to produce: not one of the choices a society has to face regarding its resources
illegal aliens: noncitizens who are living in the US against the law
unitary system: government in which power is centralized
dictator: Fidel Castro of Cuba is a modern day
externalities: unintended side effects that have an influence on third parties
secret: the participants at the convention agreed to keep all discussions
China: has one part-- the Communist Party
Tom Jefferson: wanted to limit the power of the national government and became the leader of the Democratic Republican Party
two thirds: of the more than 190 countries in the world, how many have democratic governments
Great Compromise: Sherman's plan for government that satisfied all the states
racial profiling: the practice of singling out suspects becasue of the way they look
Amendment XXII-22: No president can be elected for more than 2 terms
corruption: Nigeria is an example of a country where the development of the economy is delayed by which problems
immigrant: someone who moves permamently to a new country
political party: an assocation of voters with broad common interests
press secretaries: professional media assistants who hold news conferences and give interviews on behalf of elected officials
needs: things that are required for survival such as food, clothing, and shelter
impartial: considering all viewpoints equally
ratify: to approve, referring to government laws and documents
capital: ________ goods aid the production of consumer goods
Ethiopia: this country faces difficult economic growth becasue of porblems left over from a war
was approved by a vote by the citizens: one way that the state constitution of Massachusetts was unusual was
satellites: countries dominated or controlled by another powerful country
public policy: course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem
leak: to secretly pass on information to reporters
economic interdependence: relying on other and visa versa to provide goods and services to consume
government: ruling authority for a community with the right to make and enforce laws
New Jersey Plan: plan that called for states to be represented equally in a government

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Number of cards 319