AP Vocab Part 5
#132-164
Terms
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- Dorothea Dix
- worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann
- John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
- John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage
- Hudson River School
- American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
- Transcendentalism
- founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature
- Nat Turner's Rebellion
- Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation
- Yeoman Farmers
- family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
- Underground Railroad
- network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom
- Harriet Tubman
- worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom
- "Wage slaves"
- northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
- Nativism
- anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
- The Alamo
- Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"
- James K. Polk
- "dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury
- Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"
- Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40'
- Manifest Destiny
- stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas
- California Gold Rush
- gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West
- William Seward
- Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"
- Compromise of 1850
- (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin
- depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South
- Know-Nothing (American) Party
- opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic
- Popular Sovereignty
- the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglass
- Harpers Ferry (1859)
- Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North
- Dred Scott v. Sandford
- slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state
- Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
- over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery
- Fort Sumter
- first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina
- 20-Negro Law
- exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"
- Anaconda plan
- the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico
- Ulysses S. Grant
- won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general
- William T. Sherman
- pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina
- Robert E. Lee
- opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army
- Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
- Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer
- Battle of Antietam
- Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again
- Battle of Gettysburg
- Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation overunion)